API4KP Knowledge Delivery Management Ontology
type: Ontology
abstract: The purpose of this ontology is to define 'knowledge' and the related concepts that play a role in managing and delivering that knowledge to different audiences.
contributor: Elisa Kendall (ekendall at thematix.com)
creator: Davide Sottara (sottara.davide@mayo.edu)
creator: Jane Shellum
creator: Kris Pavek
creator: Matthew Burton
creator: Michael Panzer
creator: Sivaram Arabandi
license: http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
imports: api4kp
imports: AnnotationVocabulary
imports: Designators
imports: Identifiers
imports: LanguageRepresentation
version IRI: api4kp-kmdo
change note: The https://www.omg.org/spec/API4KP/20210201/api4kp.rdf version of this ontology was modified to leverage the Commons Ontology Library (API4KP-22), including replacement of references to Specification Metadata and references to LCC with the Commons Annotation Vocabulary and other Commons ontologies, and to reduce the dependency on DOL as appropriate.
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Athan Services
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Fraunhofer Gesellschaft
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Freie Universität Berlin
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER)
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Raytheon Technologies
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Thematix Partners LLC
copyright: Copyright (c) 2015-2023 Object Management Group, Inc.
copyright: Copyright (c) 2019-2023 Universität Leipzig
copyright: Copyright (c) 2020-2023 Micro Focus

advanced knowledge
type: Class
subclass of: Knowledge
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Knowledge
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: common knowledge

anonymous knowledge resource
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeResource
disjoint with: identified knowledge resource
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: KnowledgeResource
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: Restriction
      on property: isIdentifiedBy
      some values from: Identifier
definition: Knowledge Resource that is not identified by a an ID assigned by a central identification authority

approachable knowledge resource
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeResource
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: available knowledge resource
  intersection of: broadly understandable knowledge resource

available knowledge resource
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeResource
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: KnowledgeResource
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: carried-by
    some values from: KnowledgeArtifact
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: stored-in
    some values from: Restriction
      on property: has-function
      some values from: digital knowledge artifact repository
definition: There exists a repository where an agent is allowed to obtain a copy of (some artifact that carries) the knowledge resource
note: More specifically, an artifact that carries a representation of the expression of some (version of a) work of knowledge

body of knowledge
type: Class
subclass of: domain-specific work of knowledge
definition: A complex corpus that encompasses the entirety of the knowledge about a specific Business Domain

broadly understandable knowledge resource
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: KnowledgeResource
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: internally-represented-by
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: KnowledgeableAgent
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: possesses (knowledge)
        some values from: common knowledge
definition: Knowledge Resource that is interpreted by an agent that possesses Common Knowledge, and can be interpreted by an agent even if Common Knowledge is all the Knowledge they possess
note: "Understandability' is defined at the concept level, so that an agent can (re)construct an internal representation of the knowledge, reconnecting the it to the related concepts that agent is expected to possess, and possibly make pragmatic use of it. The availability of a carrier, and the expression of the knowledge in a language that can be parsed by the agent are necessary, but not sufficient conditions.

business domain
type: Class
subclass of: ComplexConcept
definition: A concept that synthesizes, abstracting and implying it, a functional complex of more granular concepts that define all the entities and relationships (actors, roles, activities and processes, resources, information, responsibilities, etc...) pertaining to a field or discipline
example: cooking
example: finance
example: healthcare

clinical business domain
type: Class
subclass of: medical business domain
definition: A domain that includes concepts dealing with risk/cause, evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and management of health and wellness conditions, including methods for the appropriate application of tests, procedures, drugs, and treatments.
scope note: This is considered a class since there are multiple notions of 'Clinical Domain', varying e.g. by country or over time.

clinical knowledge resource
type: Class
subclass of: domain-specific knowledge resource
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: domain-specific knowledge resource
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: represents
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: domain knowledge
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: is about
        some values from: clinical business domain
definition: Asset that is the realization of a Work of Knowledge, whose subject includes on one or more concepts from some Clinical Domain

common knowledge
type: Class
subclass of: Knowledge
definition: Knowledge that everyone has, and everyone is known to have

(concretely realized) piece of content
type: Class
subclass of: distributable expression
subclass of: human consumable expression
definition: Distributable, Concrete Expression of some Intellectual Work, in some Human Consumable Language
synonym: PoC

(concretely realized) piece of knowledge
type: Class
subclass of: distributable expression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: concretely-expresses
  all values from: WorkOfKnowledge
definition: A Piece of Knowledge is a Distributable, Concrete Expression of an Intellectual Work of Knowledge
synonym: PoK

(concretely realized) piece of knowledge content
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: (concretely realized) piece of content
  intersection of: (concretely realized) piece of knowledge
definition: Piece of Content that is the expression of a Work of knowledge
note: Like any Piece of Content, a PoCK is expressed using some natural language, and formatted for consumption by a human audience (as opposed to be used for computation by a software)
synonym: PoCK

core knowledge asset
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge asset
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
    on property: derived-from
    some values from: knowledge asset
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: endorsed knowledge resource
  intersection of: knowledge asset
  intersection of: mainstream knowledge resource
definition: Asset such that Assets may be derived from it, but is not itself derived from any other Asset (although it could be a derivative of another Resource)

digital knowledge artifact
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeArtifact
definition: An artifact that carries some form of knowledge encoded by means of discretized signals

digital knowledge artifact directory
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge artifact directory
definition: Function of a (software) agent that relies on a Knowledge Artifact Inventory that references Digital Knowledge Artifacts

digital knowledge artifact repository
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeArtifactRepository
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: function-of
  some values from: Restriction
    on property: stores
    some values from: digital knowledge artifact
definition: Function served by an entity that stores Digital Knowledge Artifacts

digital knowledge asset surrogate
type: Class
subclass of: digital knowledge artifact
subclass of: KnowledgeSurrogate
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: digital knowledge artifact
  intersection of: KnowledgeSurrogate

digital knowledge asset surrogate repository
type: Class
subclass of: digital knowledge artifact repository
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: function-of
  some values from: Restriction
    on property: stores
    some values from: digital knowledge asset surrogate
definition: a repository specialized in digital asset surrogates

digital knowledge management dervice provider
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge management service provider
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-part
  some values from: digital knowledge artifact directory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-part
  some values from: digital knowledge artifact repository
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-part
  some values from: knowledge artifact editor
definition: knowledge management service provider for digital knowledge artifacts

distributable expression
type: Class
subclass of: ConcreteExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: carried-by
  some values from: SelfContainedKnowledgeArtifact
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involved-in
  some values from: knowledge transfer activity
definition: Concrete Expression that is realized by a self-contained knowledge artifact, and suitable to be used in a knowledge transfer activity

domain knowledge
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: explicit knowledge
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is about
    some values from: business domain
definition: Knowledge specifically about, and thus scoped by, some Business Domain (e.g. healthcare)

domain-specific knowledge resource
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeResource
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: KnowledgeResource
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: represents
    some values from: domain knowledge
definition: Knowledge resource that expresses a work of knowledge that captures a piece of domain specific knowledge

domain-specific work of knowledge
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: WorkOfKnowledge
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has-subject
    some values from: domain knowledge
definition: Knowledge Work that has subject some aspect of a single Business Domain

endorsed knowledge resource
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeResource
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: KnowledgeResource
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: endorsed by
    some values from: knowledge endorsing party
definition: Knowledge Resource that is endorsed by an agent / party. That agent is expected to have adequate subject matter expertise, must have the permission, and should have the authority to do so

experiential learning activity
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge acquisition activity
definition: activity where an agent gains knowledge through individual experience, as opposed to transfer from a different agent that already possesses that knowledge

expert knowledge
type: Class
subclass of: domain knowledge
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: (knowledge) possessed by
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: KnowledgeableAgent
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: performs
      some values from: experiential learning activity
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: recipient-of
      some values from: delivery of graduate-level instruction
definition: Domain Knowledge acquired by advanced certified training, practice and/or research

explicit knowledge
type: Class
subclass of: Knowledge
disjoint with: tacit knowledge
definition: Knowledge that can be communicated from agent to agent

surrogate of externally catalogued resource
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeSurrogate
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: carries
  some values from: knowledge meta-description
definition: (Meta) Surrogate S that carries the description of a Surrogate T, and such that S and T are not stored in the same repository

surrogate of externally managed resource
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeSurrogate
definition: a surrogate S that carries a resource description D about a resource R, and such that S is not stored in the same repository as the master copy of R

foundational knowledge
type: Class
subclass of: domain knowledge
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: (knowledge) possessed by
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: KnowledgeableAgent
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: recipient-of
      some values from: delivery of undergraduate level instruction
definition: Knowledge that is acquired by means of formal training in a domain (e.g. equivalent to a MS level)

frontal delivery of instruction
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge transfer activity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: targets
  some values from: KnowledgeableAgent
definition: A knowledge transfer activity that assumes the spatio-temporal co-location of two agents, where direct communication is used to transfer Knowlege from one to the other

delivery of graduate-level instruction
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge transfer activity
disjoint with: delivery of undergraduate level instruction

human consumable expression
type: Class
subclass of: ConcreteExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: uses-language
  all values from: NaturalLanguage
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: uses-language
  some values from: NaturalLanguage

identified knowledge resource
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: KnowledgeResource
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: isIdentifiedBy
    some values from: Identifier
definition: Knowledge Resource that is identified by a an ID assigned by a central identification authority

inlined knowledge resource description
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge asset description
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: knowledge asset description
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: proper-part-of
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: StructuredKnowledgeResource
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has-proper-part
        some values from: KnowledgeResource
definition: A descriptor that is a proper sub-part of the (same) structured knowledge resource that has, as a proper sub-part, the resource the descriptor is providing information about

surrogate of internally managed resource
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeSurrogate
definition: a surrogate S that carries a resource description D about a resource R, and such that S is stored in the same repository as the master copy of R

knowledge acquisition activity
type: Class
subclass of: InformationProcessingActivity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: performed-by
  some values from: KnowledgeableAgent
definition: An abstract activity that allows the agent performing it to gain some Knowledge. Concrete examples include learning, observing, experiencing, and combinations thereof.

knowledge approval activity
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge management activity
comment: The act by which an designated party (a knowledge approval body) transfers their authority to a knowledge asset
preferred label: approval

knowledge artifact directory
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeProcessingFunction
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: function-of
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: KnowledgeableAgent
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: internally-represents
      some values from: knowledge artifact inventory
definition: function of an agent that can be queried to resolve the identity and/or location of certain knowledge artifacts. The function is enabled by the agent's internal representation of an artifact inventory

knowledge artifact editor
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeProcessingFunction
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: function-of
  some values from: Restriction
    on property: used-in
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: KnowledgeActivity
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: targets
        some values from: KnowledgeArtifact
comment: function of a tool that is used in activities that involve the creation, editing and curation of knowledge artifacts, both from a content and form perspective

knowledge artifact inventory
type: Class
subclass of: AbstractExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-proper-part
  some values from: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: KnowledgeArtifact
definition: A complex collection of references to one or more Knowledge Artifacts

knowledge asset
type: Class
subclass of: identified knowledge resource
definition: Identified Knowledge Resource, i.e. that is identified by an ID assigned by a central identification authority Assets are valuable to parties acting within that domain.

knowledge asset description
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge asset
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: knowledge asset
  intersection of: Class
    intersection of: KnowledgeResourceDescription
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: representation-of
      all values from: knowledge asset
definition: a Knowledge Asset that has another Asset as subject
synonym: knowledge asset metadata

knowledge authoring activity
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge management activity
comment: The act of expressing a Work of Knowledge in some language
preferred label: authoring

knowledge creation activity
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge management activity
comment: An expert's act of creating a new Work of Knowledge
preferred label: creation

knowledge editing activity
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge management activity
comment: The act of formatting and typesetting a Knowledge Expression to fit a designated carrier
preferred label: editing

knowledge endorsing party
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeableAgent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: internally-represents
  some values from: advanced knowledge
definition: Party that has the authority and the subject matter expertise to endorse some Work of Knowledge. The trust in the Party gets transferred to the Work of Knowledge

knowledge management activity
type: Class
subclass of: InformationProcessingActivity

knowledge management service provider
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeProcessingFunction
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-part
  some values from: knowledge artifact directory
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-part
  some values from: knowledge artifact editor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-part
  some values from: KnowledgeArtifactRepository
definition: The function of an entity that serves the role of Knowledge Manager, enabling the creation, maintenance, storage, cataloguing, and delivery/distribution of knowledge artifacts

knowledge meta-description
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeResourceDescription
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: KnowledgeResourceDescription
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: representation-of
    some values from: KnowledgeResourceDescription
definition: A knowledge resource description whose subject is another knowledge description
note: For the purpose of knowledge management, knowledge asset descriptions are assets that can be assembled into a knowledge base, and used for reasoning. Meta-descriptions can be materialized as needed for such knowledge bases, allowing to use a model-driven approach to knowledge management

knowledge publication activity
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge management activity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: targets
  all values from: published knowledge resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves
  some values from: endorsed knowledge resource
definition: activity by which an endorsed knowledge resource is released to the public, to be used, making it possible for agents to acquire it
preferred label: publication
synonym: knowledge release activity

knowledge representation embedding surrogate
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeSurrogate
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-part
  some values from: Restriction
    on property: carries
    some values from: KnowledgeResource
definition: A Surrogate that realizes a knowledge descriptor, and embeds a representation of either the knowledge resource it describes, or a derivative thereof. (This concept is defined at the manifestation/item level. The two expressions are realized independently and included in the same manifestation, with the surrogate being the primary entity the manifestation is realizing)

knowledge review activity
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge management activity
comment: An expert's comparison of a knowledge asset with their subject matter expertise, to determine whether the work is still accurate, faithful and up to date
preferred label: review

knowledge revision activity
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge review activity
comment: A knowledge review that results in a new version of a knowledge asset
preferred label: revision

knowledge transfer activity
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge acquisition activity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: performed-by
  on class: KnowledgeableAgent
  min qualified cardinality: 2
definition: Activity with 2 or more participant agents. Before it is performed, there exists 2 participants A and B, such that A possesses some knowledge K, and B does not. After the activity is completed, B will possess that knowledge K.

mainstream knowledge resource
type: Class
subclass of: published knowledge resource
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: published knowledge resource
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: Restriction
      on property: has-later-revision
      some values from: published knowledge resource
definition: Latest Published Version of a Knowledge Resource. i.e. Published Knowledge Resource such that there is no revision that is also Published.

master copy
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeArtifact
comment: TODO Deprecated. Moved to the core ONTOLOGY
comment: master copies are usually stored in dedicated repositories, from where copies can be obtained
definition: artifact that is used as the source in replication activities

medical business domain
type: Class
subclass of: business domain
definition: domain that encompasses the science of health in general: including, but not limited to, the study the human body (anatomy and physiology), the practice of medicine as the prevention and treatment of diseaes, pharmacology as the science of substances that can affect the human body

original knowledge resource
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: has-original
  some values from: KnowledgeResource
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: KnowledgeResource
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: Restriction
      on property: is-later-revision-of
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
definition: The first (version of an) Knowledge Resource, such that there are no predecessor (expressions of previous) Works that have been used during its creation.

published knowledge resource
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: KnowledgeResource
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: recipient-of
    some values from: knowledge publication activity
definition: resource that has been published by means of a publication activity

sophisticated knowledge resource
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeResource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: (knowledge) possessed by
  all values from: Class
    intersection of: KnowledgeableAgent
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: internally-represents
      some values from: advanced knowledge
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: KnowledgeResource
  intersection of: Class
    union of: Class
      complement of: broadly understandable knowledge resource
    union of: Class
      complement of: standalone knowledge resource
definition: Knowledge Resource that can be interpreted only by an agent that possesses some Knowledge other than Common Knowledge, or that requires some (other) Knowledge Resource i.e.: not Standalone or not Broadly Understandable

specialist knowledge
type: Class
subclass of: domain knowledge
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: (knowledge) possessed by
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: KnowledgeableAgent
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: recipient-of
      some values from: delivery of graduate-level instruction
definition: Domain Knowledge acquired by advanced certified training

standalone knowledge resource
type: Class
comment: Such a Resource can be interpreted by an agent (that has the appropriate knowledge pre-requisites) without the need to look up any additional Knowledge Resources
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: KnowledgeResource
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: Restriction
      on property: depends-on
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
definition: Knowledge Resource that does not depend on any other resource

tacit knowledge
type: Class
subclass of: Knowledge
definition: Knowledge that can not be transfered to another agent by means of direct communication

delivery of undergraduate level instruction
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge transfer activity

archived in
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: stored-in
domain: KnowledgeArtifact
inverse of: archives

archives
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: stores
comment: Archival is a kind of storage implying no immediate use. Archiving is scoped to artifacts only
range: KnowledgeArtifact

endorsed by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: internally-represented-by
domain: KnowledgeResource
range: KnowledgeableAgent
inverse of: endorses

endorses
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: internally-represents
domain: KnowledgeableAgent
range: KnowledgeResource
definition: An agent's endorsement of a knowledge endeavor implies (i) that the agent is able to understand the content of that endeavor, internally representing the knowledge (expressed by (the expression carried)) in the endeavor, (ii) that the agent transfers their reputation and trust to that endeavor

has focus
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about

(knowledge) possessed by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Knowledge
range: KnowledgeableAgent
inverse of: possesses (knowledge)

possesses (knowledge)
type: ObjectProperty
domain: KnowledgeableAgent
range: Knowledge
property chain axiom: internally-represents
property chain axiom: represents
definition: An Agent possesses some Knowledge if they can conceptualize that Knowledge, and act based on that Knowledge
note: The possession of some Knowledge is the outcome of a Knowledge Acquisition Activity

has primary subject
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about

replica of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: copy-of
comment: An artifact that resulted from the copy of a 'master copy' is a replica of that copy
domain: KnowledgeArtifact
range: master copy

in terms of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about

defines
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about

is about
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: associated-with

represents
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about