API4KP Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Terminology Ontology
type: Ontology
abstract: This ontology covers the primary knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR) terminology used for describing the concepts used by the API4KP specification.
contributor: Elisa Kendall (ekendall at thematix.com)
creator: Davide Sottara (sottara.davide at mayo.edu)
license: http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
imports: api4kp-lang
imports: api4kp-series
imports: api4kp
imports: AnnotationVocabulary
imports: Collections
imports: DOL-terms
imports: LanguageRepresentation
version IRI: api4kp-krr
change note: The https://www.omg.org/spec/API4KP/20210201/api4kp-krr.rdf version of this ontology was modified to leverage the Commons Ontology Library (API4KP-22), including replacement of references to Specification Metadata and references to LCC with the Commons Annotation Vocabulary and other Commons ontologies, and to reduce the dependency on DOL as appropriate.
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Athan Services
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Fraunhofer Gesellschaft
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Freie Universität Berlin
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER)
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Raytheon Technologies
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Thematix Partners LLC
copyright: Copyright (c) 2015-2023 Object Management Group, Inc.
copyright: Copyright (c) 2019-2023 Universität Leipzig
copyright: Copyright (c) 2020-2023 Micro Focus

basic environment
type: Class
subclass of: focused environment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has environment mapping
  cardinality: 1
definition: focused environment having exactly one member

basic machine-readable knowledge resource
type: Class
subclass of: BasicKnowledgeResource
disjoint with: composite computable knowledge resource
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: machine-readable knowledge resource
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: hasStructuringComponent
    on class: StructuringKnowledgeExpression
    qualified cardinality: 0
definition: unstructured native machine-readable knowledge resource
example: KE1: the instance of the OWL 2 DL abstract syntax for the latest version of a biomedical ontology from an ontology series KA1 defining observable entities, such as the 2015 international version of the SNOMED-CT knowledge base\footnote{http://browser.ihtsdotools.org/} (see also the definition of Basic Knowledge Asset). This ontology differs from other versions of the series only in the natural language definitions.
note: well-formed, stand-alone formula in the abstract syntax of a machine-readable language
scope note: The use of "basic" in API4KP differs from its usage in DOL - a DOL basic OMS (ontologies, models and specifications) is a set, and corresponds to a Set-structured piece of knowledge in API4KP.
synonym: unstructured (KRR) knowledge resource

categorical environment
type: Class
subclass of: environment with identity
definition: environment with an associative composition operation for mappings, that is closed under composition and contains an identity mapping for every member

composable environment
type: Class
subclass of: environment
definition: an environment having a composition operation where the composition of its mappings is a mapping of the environment whenever the composition is well-defined
editorial note: The composition M2 o M1 of two mappings M1 and M2 is well-defined when M1 maps to the same thing that M2 maps from. (The codomain of M1 is the domain of M2).

composite computable knowledge resource
type: Class
subclass of: CompositeKnowledgeResource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasStructuralComponent
  some values from: machine-readable knowledge resource
definition: collection of machine readable knowledge resources, which are not necessarily in the same language and may themselves have structure.
example: KE2: a heterogeneous collection of streaming data and RDF graphs, together with static OWL ontologies and CL texts, and ECA rules describing actions of a CDS
example: KE3: the OWL 2 DL ontology series KA1, viewed as a collection of expressions rather than an equivalence class

computational complexity class
type: Class
subclass of: DefinedConcept
definition: abstraction that relates the size of a problem to the amount of resources (space and time) needed to solve the problem using a given algorithm

empty environment
type: Class
subclass of: environment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has environment mapping
  cardinality: 0
disjoint with: non-empty environment
definition: environment with no members or mappings

environment
type: Class
subclass of: ImmutableEntity
definition: mathematical structure of mappings and members, where the domain and codomains of the mappings are members of the environment
example: a KRR language environment containing semantics-preserving translations from RDF and OWL into CL, assisting in the integrated interpretation of a stream of RDF graphs and OWL ontologies

environment with identity
type: Class
subclass of: composable environment
definition: composable environment having an identity mapping for each member
editorial note: an identity mapping is a mapping whose domain and codomain are the same, and when composed with another mapping is equal to the original mapping

focused environment
type: Class
subclass of: non-empty environment
definition: non-empty environment which has a member F (called the focus or focus member) such that for every other member A, there is a mapping in the environment from A to F

heterogeneous computable knowledge resource
type: Class
subclass of: machine-readable knowledge resource
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: heterogeneous knowledge resource
  intersection of: machine-readable knowledge resource
definition: heterogeneous knowledge resource that uses a machine readable language as primary language

heterogeneous knowledge resource
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: KnowledgeResource
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: usesLanguage
    on class: Language
    min qualified cardinality: 2
definition: knowledge resource expressed by means of 2 or more languages

hybrid knowledge base
type: Class
subclass of: immutable knowledgebase
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isManifestedIn
  some values from: composite computable knowledge resource
definition: knowledge base composed by multiple parts that have different computational semantics and pragmatics, and thus are likely based on different logics

hybrid knowledge environment
type: Class
subclass of: categorical environment
subclass of: language environment
subclass of: preserving environment
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: language environment
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: focused environment
note: categorical, preserving language environment where multiple KRR languages, and mappings thereof, are supported

immutable knowledgebase
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge base
subclass of: KnowledgeAsset
definition: knowledge base that cannot be changed
note: An KB can be immutable by nature. Otherwise, any snapshot of a KB at a given point in time (including the time of its creation) is considered immutable.

knowledge base
type: Class
subclass of: WorkOfKnowledge
definition: work of knowledge designed to support reasoning activities
note: A knowledge base is formed by one or more pieces of knowledge, related in different way, such that each piece plays some kind of role.

language environment
type: Class
subclass of: environment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has environment member
  all values from: KnowledgeRepresentationAndReasoningLanguage
definition: environment whose members are languages

machine-readable knowledge resource
type: Class
subclass of: KnowledgeResource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: usesLanguage
  some values from: MachineReadableLanguage
definition: set of expressions in one or more machine readable languages, in the context of a logical environment that determines how these expressions are jointly interpreted.
example: Example A: OWL Ground fact expressing that Socrates is a philosopher.
example: Example B: Common Logic sentence expressing that Socrates is a philosopher.
example: Example C: RDF graph expressing that the author of Moby Dick is Herman Melville.
example: Example D: SPARQL query for the names of philosphers.
example: Example E: A and B, together with a mapping that allows OWL to be converted to Common Logic.

mutable knowledge base
type: Class
subclass of: Series
definition: knowledge base that evolves over time as structuring operations are applied to it, 'in place'

native computable knowledge resource
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: machine-readable knowledge resource
  intersection of: native knowledge resource
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: usesLanguage
    on class: KnowledgeRepresentationAndReasoningLanguage
    qualified cardinality: 1
definition: computable knowledge resource that uses exactly 1 language that is a machine readable language

native knowledge resource
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: KnowledgeResource
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: usesLanguage
    on class: Language
    qualified cardinality: 1
definition: knowledge resource that uses exactly one language

non-empty environment
type: Class
subclass of: environment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has environment mapping
  some values from: Mapping
definition: environment with at least one member and one mapping

pivotal knowledge environment
type: Class
subclass of: categorical environment
subclass of: focused environment
subclass of: language environment
subclass of: preserving environment
definition: focused, categorical, preserving language environment where the focus is a KRR language
scope note: The special case where all languages in an knowledge environment are KRR languages supporting model-theoretic semantics without side-effects (logics), and the preserving property is characterized by a logical graph reduces to a heterogeneous logical environment as defined in DOL.

preserving environment
type: Class
subclass of: environment
definition: environment where every mapping preserves a specified property

all preserve
type: ObjectProperty
domain: preserving environment
definition: contains only mappings that preserve

has environment mapping
type: ObjectProperty
range: Mapping
inverse of: is environment mapping of
definition: contains mapping

has environment member
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasMember
domain: non-empty environment
definition: contains member

has focus member
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has environment member
definition: is the sole member of

has sub-environment
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasProperPart
inverse of: is sub-environment of
definition: has a closed subset of members and mappings that make up an environment

according to
type: ObjectProperty
range: environment
definition: relationship between a collection and an environment whereby the results of application of a mapping of the environment to a member of the collection are also members of the environment

is environment mapping of
type: ObjectProperty
definition: is mapping member of

is sub-environment of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: isProperPartOf
domain: environment
range: environment
definition: contains a subset of members and mappings with respect to the target environment that is a partial order, where the language and logic graphs of the source enviroment are subgraphs, respectively, of the language and logic graphs of the target environment

preserves
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Mapping
property chain axiom: is environment mapping of
property chain axiom: all preserve
definition: when applied, ensures that a property of the source entity is also a property of the target entity

ComputableKnowledgeArtifact
type: Class
example: Example: my copy in my Download folder of the encoding in UTF-8 of the serialization in Manchester syntax of an OWL ontology.