Ontology of API4KP Operations
type: Ontology
abstract: This ontology focuses on the definition of operations used by API4KP, including but not limited to access and transformation services.
contributor: Elisa Kendall (ekendall at thematix.com)
creator: Davide Sottara (sottara.davide at mayo.edu)
license: http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
imports: api4kp-krr
imports: api4kp-lang
imports: api4kp-rel
imports: api4kp-series
imports: api4kp
imports: AnnotationVocabulary
imports: Identifiers
imports: DOL-terms
imports: LanguageRepresentation
version IRI: api4kp-ops
change note: The https://www.omg.org/spec/API4KP/20210201/api4kp-ops.rdf version of this ontology was modified to leverage the Commons Ontology Library (API4KP-22), including replacement of references to Specification Metadata and references to LCC with the Commons Annotation Vocabulary and other Commons ontologies, and to reduce the dependency on DOL as appropriate.
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Athan Services
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Fraunhofer Gesellschaft
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Freie Universität Berlin
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER)
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Raytheon Technologies
copyright: Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Thematix Partners LLC
copyright: Copyright (c) 2015-2023 Object Management Group, Inc.
copyright: Copyright (c) 2019-2023 Universität Leipzig
copyright: Copyright (c) 2020-2023 Micro Focus

abdrigment task
type: Class
subclass of: paraphrase task
definition: act of paraphrasing that eliminates elements of an expression that are not essential to reconstruct its meaning

carving task
type: Class
subclass of: selection task
definition: selection task involoving inclusion of fragments that evoke certain concepts

cherry-picking task
type: Class
subclass of: selection task
definition: selection task whereby the concepts to be included are enumerated explicitly

classification task
type: Class
subclass of: logic-based reasoning task
note: reasoning task such that, given an individual and a set of concepts (classes), determines which concepts (classes) that individual is an instance (member) of

clear repository location task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge artifact repository task
definition: repository task that ensures that no artifact is stored at a given location

complexity detection task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge analytic task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has subtask
  some values from: parsing task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: ComputationalComplexityClass
definition: analytic task that detects the computational complexity (space and/or time) of a given knowledge expression

configuration parameter
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge processing task role
definition: role played by a value, selected from a 'region' of admissible values, that can remove a degree of freedom from the execution of a (knowledge processing) task, without changing the nature of the task

consistency checking task
type: Class
subclass of: logic-based reasoning task
definition: reasoning task that determines whether a knowledge base is inconsistent, i.e. it allows derivation of a logical contradication

decoding task
type: Class
subclass of: lifting task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: EncodedKnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: ConcreteKnowledgeExpression
definition: the act of recreating a concrete expression from its encoded version

dependency resolution task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge resource discovery task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
definition: knowledge resource discovery task that resolves dependency relationships between knowledge resources

description task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge reasoning task
definition: reasoning task that produces some description for a given individual

diffing task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge analytic task
definition: analytic task that detects the differences between two knowledge expressions

encoding task
type: Class
subclass of: lowering task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: Encoding
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: ConcreteKnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: EncodedKnowledgeExpression
definition: lowering task that applies an encoding to a concrete expression
example: Converting characters into sequences of bits, according to an encoding method, so that they can be written to a RAM, ROM or magnetic disk.

entailment check test
type: Class
subclass of: logic-based reasoning task
definition: reasoning task that determines whether a given working knowledge base is entailed by a reference working knowledge base through logical consequence

explanation
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge processing task role
definition: role played by an expression, generated as part of the execution of a (knowledge processing) activity, that captures knowledge about the course of that activity and/or its inputs, outputs and substrate

expression task
type: Class
subclass of: lowering task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: AbstractSyntax
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: Lexicon
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: WorkOfKnowledge
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: AbstractKnowledgeExpression
definition: lowering task that creates an expression in a given language (sytnax and lexicon), from the information content of a work of knowledge

extension task
type: Class
subclass of: injection task
definition: injection of a resource into a second resource, which plays the role of 'extension', providing a wrapping context

extraction task
type: Class
subclass of: separation task
definition: separation based on a tree-oriented deconstruction, where the resources that are part of a subtree of the underlying structure are returned

censoring task
type: Class
subclass of: simplification task
definition: simplification aimed at removing one or more concepts, and their transitive associations, from the input work of knowledge
note: The expression of the resulting WoK will not contain any linguistic element that evokes the redacted concepts.

fusion task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge reshaping task
definition: reshaping task that consists in combining two resources into a new, distinct resource
note: conceptually equivalent to structuring two or more resources by construction, then flattening the structure so obtained

horizontal knowledge processing task
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic knowledge processing task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: retains
  some values from: WorkOfKnowledge
definition: syntactic processing task that consumes and produces resources at the same level of abstraction, altering the primary characteristic that is defined at level of abstraction (abstract syntax/lexicon, concrete syntax, encoding)
note: While the input I and the product O are different entities, both will refer to the same entities at the higher levels of abstraction: i.e. lift(O) sameAs lift(I), where 'lift' is the execution of any lifting vertical task

inference task
type: Class
subclass of: logic-based reasoning task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: substrate
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeBase
definition: reasoning task that materializes the logical consequence(s) entailed by a given knowledge base
scope note: The inferred knowledge may be returned independently, or added to (a new version of) the input knowledge base

injection task
type: Class
subclass of: fusion task
definition: fusion task involving an implicit tree-oriented structure

input
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge processing task role
definition: role played by a resource that is used in an activity of a given type, exists before that activity is started, and is made available to the agent executing that activity by a different party

interpretation task
type: Class
subclass of: lifting task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: AbstractSyntaxTree
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: WorkOfKnowledge
definition: act of extracting the information content expressed by a knowledge expression, by means of analyzing the AST of that expression
synonym: conceptualization task

knowledge analytic task
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic knowledge processing task
definition: task whose objective is the determination of a quality of a knowledge expression (e.g. used language, complexity, etc.)

knowledge artifact registration task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge asset repository task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: Restriction
        on property: is copy of
        some values from: KnowledgeArtifact
definition: knowledge asset repository task that involves the association of a knowledge artifact (and/or surrogate) with a knowledge asset, and potentially assigning some registration-specific identifier

knowledge artifact repository task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge processing task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: VersionIdentifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: knowledge processing task role
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeArtifact
definition: knowledge processing task focused on the storage, indexing and retrieval of specific versions of knowledge artifacts inside a repository's storage locations
note: Locations are logical entities, identified by a (location) identifier, regardless of the specific repository implementation, providing abstraction on a persistence layer.

knowledge asset registration task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge asset repository task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: Restriction
        on property: is copy of
        some values from: KnowledgeAssetSurrogate
definition: knowledge asset repository task that adds a knowledge asset to the repository, creating a Surrogate in the process

knowledge asset repository task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge processing task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: substrate
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeAsset
definition: knowledge processing task focused on the indexing, storage and retrieval of knowledge assets, manifested through their carriers and/or surrogates

knowledge base building task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge resource assembly task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeBase
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: substrate
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeBase
definition: incremental assembly task that operates on a knowledge base, to produce a new knowledge base that incorporates some additional knowledge resource

knowledge base creation task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge resource assembly task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeBase
definition: assembly task that initializes a working knowledge base, possibly using a knowledge resource as initial content

knowledge carrier retrieval task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge asset repository task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: Identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: Restriction
        on property: is copy of
        some values from: KnowledgeArtifact
definition: retrieves a knowledge artifact that is the carrier of (a given version of) a knowledge asset, possibly choosing between variant carriers using content negotiation

knowledge processing task
type: Class
subclass of: DefinedConcept
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: knowledge processing task role
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: archetypes
  some values from: KnowledgeProcessingActivity
definition: archetypical abstraction of a class of knowledge processing activities that are executed according to a common method, and involve resources of the same nature
editorial note: The notion of 'task', 'activity', and 'method' is informed by the DOLCE DnS ontology.
note: A knowledge processing task abstracts and defines the role that different types of knowledge resources play in a knowledge processing activity. Such a task includes a goal, i.e. a formal description of the expected situation that is the outcome of the execution of an activity of the type defined by the task. When the outcome matches the goal - i.e. the description of the outcome is subsumed by the goal - the activity is considered to be successful. Otherwise, it is considered to be failed.
note: Knowledge processing tasks are associated with constructive definitions that are (knowledge processing) methods which specify how to execute the task. Tasks executed according to a method that has some degrees of freedom, can be configured using parameters. Execution of a task may involve the generation of an 'explanation'.

knowledge processing task role
type: Class
subclass of: DefinedConcept
definition: role that is played by a resource in the context of a knowledge processing activity
editorial note: Individual task-specific roles allow to define specific roles tailored to specific knowledge processing tasks, and those are the roles 'filled by' the individual resources involved in individual activities.

knowledge reasoning task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge processing task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Restriction
    on property: is filled by
    some values from: KnowledgeBase
definition: processing task involving an agent with reasoning capabilities, that derives new information leveraging the formal semantics of a knowledge base

knowledge reshaping task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge resource structuring task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: substrate
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeFragment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: retains
  some values from: Language
definition: structuring task that produces a knowledge expression, operating on knowledge fragments (and concepts thereof), preserving the language(s) of the input resources in the process

knowledge resource aggregation task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge resource construction task
definition: task involving the construction of a set-oriented structure

knowledge resource assembly task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge resource compositional task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: StructuringKnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: CompositeKnowledgeResource
note: compositional task that constructs a composite knowledge asset given a structure and the individual components

knowledge resource composition task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge resource construction task
definition: construction task resulting in a tree-oriented structure

knowledge resource compositional task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge resource structuring task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Restriction
    on property: is filled by
    some values from: StructuringKnowledgeExpression
definition: task that operates on a composite knowledge resource, whose internal organization is manifested by a structuring knowledge resource

knowledge resource construction task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge resource compositional task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: StructuringKnowledgeExpression
definition: compositional task that creates a structuring knowledge resource that has two or more knowledge resources as referenced components

knowledge resource decomposition task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge resource deconstruction task
definition: deconstruction task that is limited to operating on tree-oriented structures

knowledge resource deconstruction task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge resource compositional task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: StructuringKnowledgeExpression
definition: compositional task that creates a structuring knowledge resource from a single deconstructable resource, i.e. a resources that contains fragments which could be promoted to knowledge expressions

knowledge resource description extraction task
type: Class
subclass of: semantic knowledge management task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has subtask
  some values from: description task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeResourceDescription
definition: reasoning task that infers a knowledge resource description from a knowledge expression
note: The produced description is manifested as a knowledge asset surrogate.

knowledge resource disaggregation task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge resource deconstruction task
definition: deconstruction task that is limited to set-oriented structures

knowledge resource disassembly task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge resource compositional task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: CompositeKnowledgeResource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: StructuringKnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
definition: compositional task that consists in breaking apart a composite knowledge resources, to obtain the components as a product

knowledge resource discovery task
type: Class
subclass of: semantic knowledge management task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has subtask
  some values from: query answering task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
definition: knowledge management task that, given a knowledge asset repository, determines the knowledge resources that match some search/query criteria applied to the resources metadata

knowledge resource flattening task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge resource compositional task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Restriction
    on property: is filled by
    some values from: StructuringKnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: CompositeKnowledgeResource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
definition: compositional task that produces a single, flattened knowledge resource from a composite knowledge resource, respecting the composite's structure
note: The flattening may require some manipulation of the component resources before they can be merged.

knowledge resource rearrangement task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge resource compositional task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: StructuringKnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: StructuringKnowledgeExpression
definition: compositional task that retains the identity and type of the components, but alters the mutual relationships
note: That is, the corresponding composites have the same atomic components, but the underlying set-tree organization is different.
note: The operation generates a new structure, that is a versioned revision of the input structure.

knowledge resource structuring task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge processing task
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
    on property: retains
    some values from: WorkOfKnowledge
definition: task that produces a derivative knowledge resource that embodies a derivative work of knowledge
scope note: In API4KP a 'structure' denotes, in a narrow sense, two or more resources organized into composite resources. In DOL, 'structuring' is used in a broader sense, not only to cover the API4KP sense, but also the API4KP notion of '(complex) manipulation' - operations that are possibly, but not necessarily, used to prepare resources to become part of a structure. To remain aligned, in API4KP 'structuring' denotes manipulations other than 'horizontal' and 'vertical' manipulations which preserve the work of knowledge. Hence, 'structuring' tasks do not preserve the WoK. 'Structuring' is then further partitioned into 'Composition' - dealing with API4KP structures and composite resources - and 'Reshaping' - dealing with non-WoK preserving transrepresentations.

knowledge surrogate retrieval task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge carrier retrieval task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      all values from: Restriction
        on property: is copy of
        some values from: KnowledgeAssetSurrogate
definition: knowledge carrier retrieval task that returns a surrogate

language information detection task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge analytic task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has subtask
  some values from: parsing task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: Profile
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: Serialization
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: Language
definition: analytic task that detects the language, profile and/or concrete syntax used in a knowledge expression

lifting task
type: Class
subclass of: vertical knowledge processing task
definition: vertical knowledge processing task that produces a resource at a higher level of abstraction that its input

logic-based reasoning task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge reasoning task
definition: knowledge reasoning task based on the semantics and pragmatics of some underlying logic, based on symbolic methods, suitable to be peformed by 'reasoners'

logic detection task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge analytic task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: Logic
definition: analytic task that detects the (simplest) logic that is expressive enough to formalize the given knowledge expression

lowering task
type: Class
subclass of: vertical knowledge processing task
definition: vertical knowledge processing task that produces a resource at a lower level of abstraction that its input
note: With respect to a lowering, there is usually a 1:N relationship between the resource at the higher level and the resource(s) at the lower level.

paraphrase task
type: Class
subclass of: horizontal knowledge processing task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: retains
  some values from: Language
definition: horizontal translation task that creates an alternative expression (concrete or abstract) that carries the same meaning, but uses different fragments (sentences and/or linguistic elements)
note: Meaning (work of knowledge), language and format are preserved through paraphrasing, but not the internal structure of an expression. Paraphrase is only admissible in languages that are redundant, i.e. allow alternative, different expressions of the same meaning.
scope note: Interesting 'paraphrases' are the ones that cast an expression, in a given language, within the boundaries of a profile of that language.

parsing task
type: Class
subclass of: lifting task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: ConcreteKnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: AbstractKnowledgeExpression
definition: act of creating an AST (of an abstract knowldge expression) from a concrete knowledge expression

partition task
type: Class
subclass of: separation task
definition: separation based on a set-oriented deconstruction

product
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge processing task role
definition: role played by a resource that is used in an activity, and comes into being as a consequence of the successful completion of the activity

proof generation task
type: Class
subclass of: logic-based reasoning task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: explanation
    intersection of: product
definition: reasoning task that produces a proof, i.e. an explanation, of how a knowledge base is entailed by another knowledge base

query answering task
type: Class
subclass of: logic-based reasoning task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: Query
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeExpression
definition: reasoning task that, given a knowledge base and a query, (question expressed by means of a proper knowledge expression that contains variables), returns an 'answer' in terms of bindings of those variables with respect to the contents of the knowledge base

read task
type: Class
subclass of: lifting task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: SerializedKnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: EncodedKnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: substrate
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeArtifact
definition: task that extracts an encoded knowledge expression from a carrier
example: opening a file and reading the stream of Unicode-encoded characters
synonym: extraction task

redaction task
type: Class
subclass of: simplification task
definition: simplification that removes concepts by means of removing fragments that evoke them

reduction task
type: Class
subclass of: simplification task
definition: simplification that removes one or more classes of concepts
note: reductions can be performed in preparation of a translation or a profile projection, removing concepts that would not be expressible in the target language

removal task
type: Class
subclass of: separation task
definition: separation based on a tree-oriented deconstruction, where the resources that are part of a subtree of the underlying Structure are discarded

replication task
type: Class
subclass of: horizontal knowledge processing task
definition: horizontal translation task that creates a new, equal, copy of the input resource

retrieve artifact from location task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge artifact repository task
definition: returns (a copy of) an artifact stored at a given location

satisfiability check task
type: Class
subclass of: logic-based reasoning task
definition: reasoning task that determines whether a knowledge base with open variables is satisfiable or not, i.e. there is at least one binding of those variables that is not inconsistent

selection task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge reshaping task
definition: reshaping task that results in (the expression of) a work of knowledge that uses a subset of the concepts used by the original knowledge resource, where the subset is defined by inclusion
note: Selection is additive (to the target WoK), whereas simplification is subtractive (to the source WoK)

semantic knowledge management task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge asset repository task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has subtask
  some values from: knowledge reasoning task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Restriction
    on property: is filled by
    some values from: KnowledgeResourceDescription
definition: knowledge asset repository task that is a reasoning task applied to the knowledge base constituted by the surrogates managed in the repository

semantic translation task
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic translation task
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has subtask
    some values from: expression task
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has subtask
    some values from: interpretation task
definition: translation task that leverages the interpretation of the input expression

separation task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge reshaping task
definition: reshaping task that breaks a knowledge resource into components, which are returned as individual resources
note: Separation is conceptually equivalent to a deconstruction followed by a disassembly. Deconstructable knowledge resources are perfectly separable, i.e. the resulting resources carry, globally, the same information as the source one.

serialization task
type: Class
subclass of: lowering task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: Serialization
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: AbstractKnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: ConcreteKnowledgeExpression
definition: lowering task that serializes an abstract expression, using one of the concrete syntaxes supported by the langauge

signature detection task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge analytic task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: Lexicon
definition: analytic task that detects the non-logical symbols (a.k.a. "terms" - concretizations of linguistic elements that express domain concepts) used in an expression, identifying the lexicon they have been extracted from

simplification task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge reshaping task
definition: reshaping task that results in (the expression of) a Work of Knowledge that uses a subset of the concepts used by the original Knowledge Resource, where the subset is defined by elimination

store artifact at location task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge artifact repository task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeArtifact
definition: task ensuring that an artifact is available at a given location

substrate
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge processing task role
definition: role played by a resource that is used in an activity of a given type, exists before the activity is started, and is available to the agent executing the activity before the activity is started

subsumption task
type: Class
subclass of: logic-based reasoning task
note: reasoning task that, given two concepts (classes), determines whether one is necessarily broader than (a subclass of) the other

summarization task
type: Class
subclass of: simplification task
definition: simplification that removes concepts which are redundant, i.e. whose elimination produces a minimal loss of information

syntactic analysis task
type: Class
subclass of: lifting task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: ConcreteSyntaxTree
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: AbstractSyntaxTree
definition: act of deriving an AST from a parse tree

syntactic knowledge processing task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge processing task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeExpression
definition: task that leverages the syntactic aspects of a knowledge expression, as determined by the grammar of the language(s) used in the expression, without impacting the knowledge content of the resource

syntactic parsing task
type: Class
subclass of: lifting task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: ConcreteKnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: ConcreteSyntaxTree
definition: act of creating a parse tree from a concrete knowledge expression. scanning and tokenization are considered sub-atomic parts of this task

transcreation task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge resource structuring task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: Class
        intersection of: KnowledgeResource
        intersection of: Restriction
definition: complex transformation that can alter the language and/or semantics of an input resource

syntactic transcription task
type: Class
subclass of: horizontal knowledge processing task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: Serialization
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: retains
  some values from: Language
definition: horizontal translation task that maps an expression in the concrete syntax of a given language to an expression in a different concrete syntax of the same language

syntactic translation task
type: Class
subclass of: horizontal knowledge processing task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: Language
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeExpression
definition: horizontal translation task that maps an expression in a given language to an expression of the same knowledge in a target language

union task
type: Class
subclass of: fusion task
definition: fusion task in terms of a set-oriented implicit structure

vertical knowledge processing task
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic knowledge processing task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeResource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: retains
  some values from: WorkOfKnowledge
definition: syntactic knowledge processing task that produces knowledge resources at higher or lower level of abstraction along the "artifact - asset" chain

weaving task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge reshaping task
definition: reshaping such that fragments of one or more expressions are embedded in a target expression

well-formedness check task
type: Class
subclass of: knowledge analytic task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: Language
definition: analytic task that detects whether a knowledge expression is a valid sentence according to the syntax - abstract and/or concrete - of some language, or profile thereof

write task
type: Class
subclass of: lowering task
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: input
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: EncodedKnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: product
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: SerializedKnowledgeExpression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves role
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: substrate
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: is filled by
      some values from: KnowledgeArtifact
definition: lowering task that imprints an encoded expression on a carrier artifact
example: writing a stream of ASCII characters to a (text) file
synonym: engraving task

has subtask
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasProperPart
domain: knowledge processing task
range: knowledge processing task
definition: relationship between a task T and a task S, such that an activity of kind T will have an activity of type S as a sub-activity, i.e. as a (temporal) proper process part

involves role
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasProperPart
domain: knowledge processing task
range: knowledge processing task role
definition: has a definition, part of which is the given role
note: Tasks (activity definitions) involve roles, and roles are filled by entities that participate in the activities of the given type.

is copy of
type: ObjectProperty
definition: distinct individual that, at creation time, replicates all the qualities/characteristics of

is filled by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: archetypes
domain: knowledge processing task role
definition: abstracts the characteristics of, with respect to the participation in a knowledge processing activity of a given type

retains
type: ObjectProperty
domain: knowledge processing task
definition: does not impact an (invariant) characteristic shared by its inputs and outputs