This ontology focuses on the definition of operations used by API4KP, including but not limited to access and transformation services.
Elisa Kendall (ekendall at thematix.com)
Davide Sottara (sottara.davide at mayo.edu)
The https://www.omg.org/spec/API4KP/20210201/api4kp-ops.rdf version of this ontology was modified to leverage the Commons Ontology Library (API4KP-22), including replacement of references to Specification Metadata and references to LCC with the Commons Annotation Vocabulary and other Commons ontologies, and to reduce the dependency on DOL as appropriate.
Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Fraunhofer Gesellschaft
Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Freie Universität Berlin
Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER)
Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Raytheon Technologies
Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Thematix Partners LLC
Copyright (c) 2015-2023 Object Management Group, Inc.
Copyright (c) 2019-2023 Universität Leipzig
act of paraphrasing that eliminates elements of an expression that are not essential to reconstruct its meaning
selection task involoving inclusion of fragments that evoke certain concepts
selection task whereby the concepts to be included are enumerated explicitly
reasoning task such that, given an individual and a set of concepts (classes), determines which concepts (classes) that individual is an instance (member) of
repository task that ensures that no artifact is stored at a given location
analytic task that detects the computational complexity (space and/or time) of a given knowledge expression
role played by a value, selected from a 'region' of admissible values, that can remove a degree of freedom from the execution of a (knowledge processing) task, without changing the nature of the task
reasoning task that determines whether a knowledge base is inconsistent, i.e. it allows derivation of a logical contradication
the act of recreating a concrete expression from its encoded version
knowledge resource discovery task that resolves dependency relationships between knowledge resources
reasoning task that produces some description for a given individual
analytic task that detects the differences between two knowledge expressions
lowering task that applies an encoding to a concrete expression
Converting characters into sequences of bits, according to an encoding method, so that they can be written to a RAM, ROM or magnetic disk.
reasoning task that determines whether a given working knowledge base is entailed by a reference working knowledge base through logical consequence
role played by an expression, generated as part of the execution of a (knowledge processing) activity, that captures knowledge about the course of that activity and/or its inputs, outputs and substrate
lowering task that creates an expression in a given language (sytnax and lexicon), from the information content of a work of knowledge
injection of a resource into a second resource, which plays the role of 'extension', providing a wrapping context
separation based on a tree-oriented deconstruction, where the resources that are part of a subtree of the underlying structure are returned
simplification aimed at removing one or more concepts, and their transitive associations, from the input work of knowledge
The expression of the resulting WoK will not contain any linguistic element that evokes the redacted concepts.
reshaping task that consists in combining two resources into a new, distinct resource
conceptually equivalent to structuring two or more resources by construction, then flattening the structure so obtained
syntactic processing task that consumes and produces resources at the same level of abstraction, altering the primary characteristic that is defined at level of abstraction (abstract syntax/lexicon, concrete syntax, encoding)
While the input I and the product O are different entities, both will refer to the same entities at the higher levels of abstraction: i.e. lift(O) sameAs lift(I), where 'lift' is the execution of any lifting vertical task
reasoning task that materializes the logical consequence(s) entailed by a given knowledge base
The inferred knowledge may be returned independently, or added to (a new version of) the input knowledge base
fusion task involving an implicit tree-oriented structure
role played by a resource that is used in an activity of a given type, exists before that activity is started, and is made available to the agent executing that activity by a different party
act of extracting the information content expressed by a knowledge expression, by means of analyzing the AST of that expression
task whose objective is the determination of a quality of a knowledge expression (e.g. used language, complexity, etc.)
knowledge asset repository task that involves the association of a knowledge artifact (and/or surrogate) with a knowledge asset, and potentially assigning some registration-specific identifier
knowledge processing task focused on the storage, indexing and retrieval of specific versions of knowledge artifacts inside a repository's storage locations
Locations are logical entities, identified by a (location) identifier, regardless of the specific repository implementation, providing abstraction on a persistence layer.
knowledge asset repository task that adds a knowledge asset to the repository, creating a Surrogate in the process
knowledge processing task focused on the indexing, storage and retrieval of knowledge assets, manifested through their carriers and/or surrogates
incremental assembly task that operates on a knowledge base, to produce a new knowledge base that incorporates some additional knowledge resource
assembly task that initializes a working knowledge base, possibly using a knowledge resource as initial content
retrieves a knowledge artifact that is the carrier of (a given version of) a knowledge asset, possibly choosing between variant carriers using content negotiation
archetypical abstraction of a class of knowledge processing activities that are executed according to a common method, and involve resources of the same nature
The notion of 'task', 'activity', and 'method' is informed by the DOLCE DnS ontology.
A knowledge processing task abstracts and defines the role that different types of knowledge resources play in a knowledge processing activity. Such a task includes a goal, i.e. a formal description of the expected situation that is the outcome of the execution of an activity of the type defined by the task. When the outcome matches the goal - i.e. the description of the outcome is subsumed by the goal - the activity is considered to be successful. Otherwise, it is considered to be failed.
Knowledge processing tasks are associated with constructive definitions that are (knowledge processing) methods which specify how to execute the task. Tasks executed according to a method that has some degrees of freedom, can be configured using parameters. Execution of a task may involve the generation of an 'explanation'.
role that is played by a resource in the context of a knowledge processing activity
Individual task-specific roles allow to define specific roles tailored to specific knowledge processing tasks, and those are the roles 'filled by' the individual resources involved in individual activities.
processing task involving an agent with reasoning capabilities, that derives new information leveraging the formal semantics of a knowledge base
structuring task that produces a knowledge expression, operating on knowledge fragments (and concepts thereof), preserving the language(s) of the input resources in the process
task involving the construction of a set-oriented structure
compositional task that constructs a composite knowledge asset given a structure and the individual components
construction task resulting in a tree-oriented structure
task that operates on a composite knowledge resource, whose internal organization is manifested by a structuring knowledge resource
compositional task that creates a structuring knowledge resource that has two or more knowledge resources as referenced components
deconstruction task that is limited to operating on tree-oriented structures
compositional task that creates a structuring knowledge resource from a single deconstructable resource, i.e. a resources that contains fragments which could be promoted to knowledge expressions
knowledge resource description extraction task
reasoning task that infers a knowledge resource description from a knowledge expression
The produced description is manifested as a knowledge asset surrogate.
deconstruction task that is limited to set-oriented structures
compositional task that consists in breaking apart a composite knowledge resources, to obtain the components as a product
knowledge management task that, given a knowledge asset repository, determines the knowledge resources that match some search/query criteria applied to the resources metadata
compositional task that produces a single, flattened knowledge resource from a composite knowledge resource, respecting the composite's structure
The flattening may require some manipulation of the component resources before they can be merged.
compositional task that retains the identity and type of the components, but alters the mutual relationships
That is, the corresponding composites have the same atomic components, but the underlying set-tree organization is different.
The operation generates a new structure, that is a versioned revision of the input structure.
task that produces a derivative knowledge resource that embodies a derivative work of knowledge
In API4KP a 'structure' denotes, in a narrow sense, two or more resources organized into composite resources. In DOL, 'structuring' is used in a broader sense, not only to cover the API4KP sense, but also the API4KP notion of '(complex) manipulation' - operations that are possibly, but not necessarily, used to prepare resources to become part of a structure. To remain aligned, in API4KP 'structuring' denotes manipulations other than 'horizontal' and 'vertical' manipulations which preserve the work of knowledge. Hence, 'structuring' tasks do not preserve the WoK. 'Structuring' is then further partitioned into 'Composition' - dealing with API4KP structures and composite resources - and 'Reshaping' - dealing with non-WoK preserving transrepresentations.
knowledge carrier retrieval task that returns a surrogate
analytic task that detects the language, profile and/or concrete syntax used in a knowledge expression
vertical knowledge processing task that produces a resource at a higher level of abstraction that its input
knowledge reasoning task based on the semantics and pragmatics of some underlying logic, based on symbolic methods, suitable to be peformed by 'reasoners'
analytic task that detects the (simplest) logic that is expressive enough to formalize the given knowledge expression
vertical knowledge processing task that produces a resource at a lower level of abstraction that its input
With respect to a lowering, there is usually a 1:N relationship between the resource at the higher level and the resource(s) at the lower level.
horizontal translation task that creates an alternative expression (concrete or abstract) that carries the same meaning, but uses different fragments (sentences and/or linguistic elements)
Meaning (work of knowledge), language and format are preserved through paraphrasing, but not the internal structure of an expression. Paraphrase is only admissible in languages that are redundant, i.e. allow alternative, different expressions of the same meaning.
Interesting 'paraphrases' are the ones that cast an expression, in a given language, within the boundaries of a profile of that language.
act of creating an AST (of an abstract knowldge expression) from a concrete knowledge expression
separation based on a set-oriented deconstruction
role played by a resource that is used in an activity, and comes into being as a consequence of the successful completion of the activity
reasoning task that produces a proof, i.e. an explanation, of how a knowledge base is entailed by another knowledge base
reasoning task that, given a knowledge base and a query, (question expressed by means of a proper knowledge expression that contains variables), returns an 'answer' in terms of bindings of those variables with respect to the contents of the knowledge base
task that extracts an encoded knowledge expression from a carrier
opening a file and reading the stream of Unicode-encoded characters
simplification that removes concepts by means of removing fragments that evoke them
simplification that removes one or more classes of concepts
reductions can be performed in preparation of a translation or a profile projection, removing concepts that would not be expressible in the target language
separation based on a tree-oriented deconstruction, where the resources that are part of a subtree of the underlying Structure are discarded
horizontal translation task that creates a new, equal, copy of the input resource
returns (a copy of) an artifact stored at a given location
reasoning task that determines whether a knowledge base with open variables is satisfiable or not, i.e. there is at least one binding of those variables that is not inconsistent
reshaping task that results in (the expression of) a work of knowledge that uses a subset of the concepts used by the original knowledge resource, where the subset is defined by inclusion
Selection is additive (to the target WoK), whereas simplification is subtractive (to the source WoK)
knowledge asset repository task that is a reasoning task applied to the knowledge base constituted by the surrogates managed in the repository
translation task that leverages the interpretation of the input expression
reshaping task that breaks a knowledge resource into components, which are returned as individual resources
Separation is conceptually equivalent to a deconstruction followed by a disassembly. Deconstructable knowledge resources are perfectly separable, i.e. the resulting resources carry, globally, the same information as the source one.
lowering task that serializes an abstract expression, using one of the concrete syntaxes supported by the langauge
analytic task that detects the non-logical symbols (a.k.a. "terms" - concretizations of linguistic elements that express domain concepts) used in an expression, identifying the lexicon they have been extracted from
reshaping task that results in (the expression of) a Work of Knowledge that uses a subset of the concepts used by the original Knowledge Resource, where the subset is defined by elimination
task ensuring that an artifact is available at a given location
role played by a resource that is used in an activity of a given type, exists before the activity is started, and is available to the agent executing the activity before the activity is started
reasoning task that, given two concepts (classes), determines whether one is necessarily broader than (a subclass of) the other
simplification that removes concepts which are redundant, i.e. whose elimination produces a minimal loss of information
act of deriving an AST from a parse tree
task that leverages the syntactic aspects of a knowledge expression, as determined by the grammar of the language(s) used in the expression, without impacting the knowledge content of the resource
act of creating a parse tree from a concrete knowledge expression. scanning and tokenization are considered sub-atomic parts of this task
complex transformation that can alter the language and/or semantics of an input resource
horizontal translation task that maps an expression in the concrete syntax of a given language to an expression in a different concrete syntax of the same language
horizontal translation task that maps an expression in a given language to an expression of the same knowledge in a target language
fusion task in terms of a set-oriented implicit structure
syntactic knowledge processing task that produces knowledge resources at higher or lower level of abstraction along the "artifact - asset" chain
reshaping such that fragments of one or more expressions are embedded in a target expression
analytic task that detects whether a knowledge expression is a valid sentence according to the syntax - abstract and/or concrete - of some language, or profile thereof
lowering task that imprints an encoded expression on a carrier artifact
writing a stream of ASCII characters to a (text) file
relationship between a task T and a task S, such that an activity of kind T will have an activity of type S as a sub-activity, i.e. as a (temporal) proper process part
has a definition, part of which is the given role
Tasks (activity definitions) involve roles, and roles are filled by entities that participate in the activities of the given type.
distinct individual that, at creation time, replicates all the qualities/characteristics of
abstracts the characteristics of, with respect to the participation in a knowledge processing activity of a given type
does not impact an (invariant) characteristic shared by its inputs and outputs