# baseURI: https://www.omg.org/spec/API4KP/api4kp/ # imports: https://www.omg.org/spec/Commons/AnnotationVocabulary/ # imports: https://www.omg.org/spec/Commons/Collections/ # imports: https://www.omg.org/spec/Commons/ContextualDesignators/ # imports: https://www.omg.org/spec/Commons/Designators/ # imports: https://www.omg.org/spec/DOL/DOL-terms/ # imports: https://www.omg.org/spec/LCC/Languages/LanguageRepresentation/ @base . @prefix api4kp: . @prefix cmns-av: . @prefix cmns-col: . @prefix cmns-cxtdsg: . @prefix cmns-dsg: . @prefix dct: . @prefix dol: . @prefix lcc-lr: . @prefix owl: . @prefix rdf: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix skos: . @prefix xsd: . a owl:Ontology ; rdfs:label "API4KP Core Ontology" ; dct:abstract "This ontology defines the core concepts of the API4KP framework, namely Knowledge Resources: Assets, Expressions and Artifacts" ; dct:contributor "Elisa Kendall (ekendall at thematix.com)" ; dct:creator "Davide Sottara (sottara.davide at mayo.edu)" ; dct:license "http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT"^^xsd:anyURI ; owl:imports , , , , , ; owl:versionIRI ; skos:changeNote "The https://www.omg.org/spec/API4KP/20210201/api4kp.rdf version of this ontology was modified to leverage the Commons Ontology Library (API4KP-22), including replacement of references to Specification Metadata and references to LCC with the Commons Annotation Vocabulary and other Commons ontologies, and to reduce the dependency on DOL as appropriate. References to the latest version of ISO 1087 were incorporated (API4KP-25), and inconsistencies in the representation of linguistic entities were addressed (API4KP-29)." ; cmns-av:copyright "Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Athan Services" , "Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Fraunhofer Gesellschaft" , "Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Freie Universität Berlin" , "Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER)" , "Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Raytheon Technologies" , "Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Thematix Partners LLC" , "Copyright (c) 2015-2023 Object Management Group, Inc." , "Copyright (c) 2019-2023 Universität Leipzig" , "Copyright (c) 2020-2023 Micro Focus" ; . dol:BasicOMS a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:BasicKnowledgeResource ; . dol:DOLStructuredOMS a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:StructuringKnowledgeExpression ; . dol:Document a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:ConcreteKnowledgeExpression ; . dol:Expression a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; skos:note "API4KP expressions are expressions in a language that has a formal grammar, but do not necessarily need to have formal semantics themselves, whereas a DOL expression has formal semantics." ; . dol:FlattenableOMS a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:ComplexKnowledgeResource ; . dol:Language a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf lcc-lr:Language ; cmns-av:explanatoryNote "The natural-language definition of 'Language' in DOL is limited to 'word-based' languages, while the LCC definition is more general, including sounds and symbols." ; . dol:OMS a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:AbstractKnowledgeExpression , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:expresses ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:WorkOfKnowledge ; ] , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:represents ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:Knowledge ; ] ; skos:example "specification of the algorithm for the extraction of the square root of a number in some programming language such as Java (version 8)" ; skos:note "By definition, an OMS is an information object that is about (an intellectual work that is about) some form of knowledge about something. In the context of API4KP, it is an expression of some Work of Knowledge in the Abstract Syntax of some language." ; cmns-av:synonym "representation of knowledge" ; . dol:Process a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeProcessingActivity ; . dol:Term a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf ( api4kp:KnowledgeExpression api4kp:KnowledgeFragment ) ; ] ; . dol:usesLanguage a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:usesLanguage ; rdfs:range dol:Language ; skos:note "if a resource uses a language, it is possible to extract an expression from that resource that is a valid according to that language's grammar, and can be parsed into an abstract syntax tree" ; . api4kp:AbstractKnowledgeExpression a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; rdfs:label "abstract knowledge expression"@en ; owl:disjointWith api4kp:ConcreteKnowledgeExpression ; skos:definition "knowledge expression that conforms to the abstract syntax of the language(s) used in the expression itself" ; skos:note "An abstract expression is the class of equivalence of concrete expressions in some Language, across the various serializations supported by that language." ; . api4kp:Activity a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "activity" ; skos:definition "intentional process, executed with the active participation of one of more agents that carry out a plan" ; . api4kp:Agent a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "agent" ; skos:definition "entity that has the capability (potential) to initiate or participate in an activity" ; skos:scopeNote "includes individual agents as well as parties; natural and artificial" ; . api4kp:ArtificialAgent a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:Agent , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:isProductOf ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:Activity ; ] ; rdfs:label "artificial agent" ; skos:definition "agent that is the product of some activity" ; skos:scopeNote "includes 'intelligent' software agents, in the AI sense" ; . api4kp:BasicKnowledgeResource a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Class ; owl:intersectionOf ( api4kp:KnowledgeResource [ a owl:Class ; owl:complementOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:hasProperPart ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; ] ; ] ) ; ] ; rdfs:label "basic knowledge resource" ; skos:definition "atomic knowledge resource, i.e. knowledge resource that does not have proper parts that are themselves individual knowledge resources" ; . api4kp:ComplexKnowledgeResource a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; rdfs:label "complex knowledge resource"@en ; skos:definition "knowledge resource that can be decomposed into proper parts at the same level of abstraction" ; . api4kp:CompositeKnowledgeResource a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:ComplexKnowledgeResource , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:hasProperPart ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; ] , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:hasStructuringComponent ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:StructuringKnowledgeExpression ; ] ; rdfs:label "composite knowledge resource"@en ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:intersectionOf ( api4kp:ComplexKnowledgeResource [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:hasStructuringComponent ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:StructuringKnowledgeExpression ; ] ) ; ] ; skos:definition "complex knowledge resource that has proper parts that are individual knowledge resources, each playing different roles, and with mutual relationships" ; . api4kp:ComputableKnowledgeArtifact a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeArtifact ; rdfs:label "computable knowledge artifact" ; skos:definition "knowledge artifact suitable to be used in knowledge processing activities performed by a software agent" ; . api4kp:Concept a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:Knowledge ; rdfs:label "concept" ; skos:definition "atomic (non-decomposable) unit of knowledge created by a unique combination of characteristics" ; skos:note "The notion of concept as a 'unit of knowledge' is consistent with knowledge as a generically dependent continuant. The corresponding, but distinct, specifically dependent continuant is often referred to as 'unit of thought'" ; skos:scopeNote "Individual members of this class are universals, which themselves archetype individuals that are instances of the given concept." ; cmns-av:adaptedFrom "ISO 1087 Terminology work and terminology science - Vocabulary, Second edition, 2019-09, clause 3.2.7" ; cmns-av:synonym "representational unit" ; . api4kp:ConcreteKnowledgeExpression a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeExpression , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:isConcretizationOf ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:AbstractKnowledgeExpression ; ] ; rdfs:label "concrete knowledge expression"@en ; skos:definition "knowledge expression that conforms to the concrete syntax of the language(s) used in the expression itself" ; . api4kp:ConstructiveDefinition a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:Definition ; rdfs:label "constructive definition" ; skos:definition "definition that is an explicit specification enabling recognition and/or construction of instances that conform with the specification" ; . api4kp:DecoratedKnowledgeExpression a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:SerializedKnowledgeExpression ; rdfs:label "decorated knowledge expression" ; skos:definition "serialized knowledge expression that includes extra symbols used for presentation, but otherwise does not impact the recognition and/or the interpretation of the expression" ; . api4kp:DefinedConcept a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:Concept ; rdfs:label "defined concept" ; skos:definition "concept that has at least one explicit, shared definition" ; skos:example "a concept that is captured in an ontology, and such that it has a formal definition expressible, e.g. in OWL or Common Logic" ; . api4kp:Definition a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeAsset , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:defines ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:DefinedConcept ; ] ; rdfs:label "definition" ; skos:definition "representation of a concept by a descriptive statement that serves to differentiate it from related concepts, such as by capturing necessary and sufficient conditions" ; cmns-av:adaptedFrom "ISO 1087 Terminology work and terminology science - Vocabulary, Second edition, 2019-09, clause 3.3.1" ; . api4kp:EncodedKnowledgeExpression a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; rdfs:label "encoded knowledge expression" ; skos:note "knowledge expression such that its symbols have been further processed to be inscribed on a specific knowledge carrier" ; . api4kp:Knowledge a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:isAbout ; owl:someValuesFrom owl:Thing ; ] , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty cmns-col:isPartOf ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:Knowledge ; ] ; rdfs:label "knowledge"@en ; rdfs:seeAlso "The knowledge level. A. Newell. Artificial intelligence 18 (1), 87-127, 1982" ; skos:definition "cognition (know-what), pragmatics (know-how) and understanding (know-why) about the nature and/or behavior of some Thing such that, when internalized by an agent, has the potential of generating actions in situations that the knowledge applies to" ; skos:note """Knowledge empowers agents that are intelligent, knowledgeable and rational. - Given an agent that is in a situation such that the agent has awareness of, goals for, and the ability to act; - Assuming that the agent is knowledgeable and has internalized some knowledge that is about the situation the agent is in. - Assuming that the agent is intelligent, and can apply the knowledge to the situation to predict and plan the course of its actions - A rational agent will choose the plan that maximizes the probability to achieve its goals, and that (prior) probability has not been decreased by having the knowledge compared to not having it.""" ; skos:scopeNote "In API4KP, 'Knowledge' is a generically dependent continuant. As such, it can be expressed and communicated, and can be internalized by agents and/or engraved on carriers (thus becoming a specifically dependent continuant)." ; cmns-av:synonym "body of knowledge" ; . api4kp:KnowledgeArtifact a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeCarrier , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:isInscribedWith ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; ] , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:isProductOf ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:Activity ; ] ; rdfs:label "knowledge artifact"@en ; skos:definition "digital or physical object that is specifically constructed to carry one or more (expressions of) knowledge assets" ; skos:scopeNote "In FRBR, artifact types (manifestations) are distinguished from individual artifacts (items). In OWL-DL, unless punning is adopted, 'items' are individual members of this KnowledgeArtifact class; 'manifestations' can either be formalized as constrained subclasses of KnowledgeArtifact, or as individual concepts" ; . api4kp:KnowledgeAsset a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeResource , api4kp:WorkOfKnowledge ; rdfs:label "knowledge asset" ; skos:definition "work of knowledge that is a knowledge resource considered valuable by a party" ; skos:note "A knowledge asset is the class of equivalence of all its faithful expressions in different languages." , "corollary 1: as knowledge resources, knowledge assets are immutable, versionable, identifiable and support at least one representation (i.e. expression in some language)" , "corollary 2: to be valuable to a party (agent or collective thereof), an asset must have been internalized by some agent, and/or shared evidence must exist that the knowledge does increase the likelihood of an agent's achieving their goals in situations where the knowledge applies" ; . api4kp:KnowledgeAssetSurrogate a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "knowledge asset surrogate"@en ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:intersectionOf ( api4kp:KnowledgeArtifact [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:carries ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:KnowledgeResourceDescription ; ] ) ; ] ; skos:definition "knowledge artifact that carries metadata about a knowledge asset and its expressions" ; . api4kp:KnowledgeCarrier a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeResource , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:carries ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:KnowledgeAsset ; ] ; rdfs:label "knowledge carrier" ; skos:definition "physical or digital object that carries a knowledge asset" ; skos:note "'carrier' is more properly a role the connects an artifact to the piece of knowledge it carries" ; skos:scopeNote "includes but is not limited to books, pictures, documents, files, waves, but also neural patterns" ; . api4kp:KnowledgeElement a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeFragment ; rdfs:label "knowledge element" ; skos:definition "atomic fragment that uses a single construct of the language used in the expression the fragment is part of" ; . api4kp:KnowledgeExpression a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeResource , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dol:usesLanguage ; owl:someValuesFrom dol:Language ; ] , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:expresses ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:KnowledgeAsset ; ] ; rdfs:label "knowledge expression"@en ; rdfs:seeAlso "FRBR's notion of Expression" ; owl:disjointUnionOf ( api4kp:AbstractKnowledgeExpression api4kp:ConcreteKnowledgeExpression ) ; skos:definition "expression of a piece of knowledge in some language, i.e. using a combination of signs and symbols that conform to the rules of the grammar of that language" ; . api4kp:KnowledgeFragment a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; rdfs:label "knowledge fragment" ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:intersectionOf ( api4kp:KnowledgeResource [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:isProperPartOf ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; ] ) ; ] ; skos:definition "proper part of a knowledge expression that is not the realization of a knowledge asset itself" ; skos:note "fragments express proper parts of a knowledge asset" ; . api4kp:KnowledgeManifestation a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:DefinedConcept , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:archetypes ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:KnowledgeCarrier ; ] ; rdfs:label "knowledge manifestation" ; rdfs:seeAlso "the notion of 'Manifestation' in FRBR" ; skos:definition "concept that abstracts a specific class of knowledge artifacts, defining the common qualities of its members and their content" ; . api4kp:KnowledgeProcessingActivity a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:Activity ; rdfs:label "knowledge processing activity" ; skos:definition "activity that produces, consumes or otherwise makes use of knowledge as a resource" ; skos:scopeNote "knowledge has to be used as an explicit resource - it is not sufficient that the agent performing the activity has knowledge of how to carry out the activity itself" ; . api4kp:KnowledgeResource a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "knowledge resource" ; skos:definition "immutable, identifiable, versionable entity that is, expresses or carries some piece of knowledge" ; cmns-av:synonym "knowledge source" ; . api4kp:KnowledgeResourceDescription a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeAsset ; rdfs:label "knowledge resource description"@en ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:intersectionOf ( api4kp:KnowledgeAsset [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:isAbout ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; ] ) ; ] ; skos:definition "representation of knowledge that contains information about another resource" ; . api4kp:KnowledgeableAgent a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Class ; owl:intersectionOf ( api4kp:Agent [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:performs ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:KnowledgeProcessingActivity ; ] ) ; ] ; rdfs:label "knowledgeable agent" ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:intersectionOf ( api4kp:Agent [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:internallyRepresents ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:Knowledge ; ] ) ; ] ; skos:definition "agent that internally represents some (piece of) knowledge" ; skos:note "The knowledge can be acquired in a variety of ways (learning, experience, teaching), but once internalized, the knowledge should drive the agent's behavior when applicable, and the agent should be able to express the knowledge so that it can be communicated." ; . api4kp:PrimitiveConcept a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:Concept ; rdfs:label "primitive concept" ; skos:definition "fundamental concept that cannot be broken down into simpler concepts" ; skos:scopeNote "The notion of 'primitive' concept is useful to define 'common' vs 'background' knowledge and, in particular, the requirements for an agent's ability to internalize a shared piece of knowledge. The more philosophical discussion on 'innate concepts' - concepts such that NO explicit, shared definition (needs to) exists - is instead irrelevant." ; . api4kp:SerializedKnowledgeExpression a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; rdfs:label "serialized knowledge expression" ; skos:definition "knowledge expression that manifests a concrete knowledge expression using a specific choice of symbols" ; . api4kp:StructuringKnowledgeExpression a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf dol:OMS , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:expresses ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:ConstructiveDefinition ; ] ; rdfs:label "structuring knowledge expression" ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:intersectionOf ( dol:OMS [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:structures ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:ComplexKnowledgeResource ; ] ) ; ] ; skos:definition "model that describes how a complex resource could be decomposed into functional parts, OR, a specification of how to compose knowledge resources into a composite resource" ; skos:scopeNote "Some structures are extensional and expressed using a graph language (e.g. RDF(S)); other structures are intensional and expressed using a production language (e.g. DOL)." , "Some structures are set-oriented: aggregate resources that share some common type (e.g. rules, or ontology axioms); some structures are tree-oriented: there is a type of relationship (e.g. dependency) that imposes a tree-based ordering between the components." ; . api4kp:WorkOfKnowledge a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:Knowledge , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dol:isFormalizedBy ; owl:someValuesFrom dol:Graph ; ] , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:captures ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:Knowledge ; ] , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:hasProperPart ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:Concept ; ] , [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty api4kp:isProductOf ; owl:someValuesFrom api4kp:KnowledgeProcessingActivity ; ] ; rdfs:label "work of knowledge" ; rdfs:seeAlso "(Artistic) Works in FRBR" , "http://www.tlainc.com/articl134.htm" ; skos:definition "finite, explicit (i.e. non-tacit) complex organization of concepts (units of knowledge) that can be communicated and internalized by some agent, and is the product of a knowledge processing activity" ; skos:example "a formal Ontology, prepared by an ontologist, and engineered to answer a number of competency questions, independently of the actual formal language used to express it." , "a lecture, as the outcome of a teacher's choosing and organizing the topics so they can be explained to the students." , "a statistician's description of a stochastic process by means of a Markov model" , "an algorithm for the extraction of the square root of a number" , "the content of a newspaper article, as determined by a journalist deciding what facts and/or opinions to include, and how to present them, independently of any editorial and/or formatting" , "the technique for the preparation of the traditional 'ragu alla bolognese'" ; skos:note "The organization of the concepts is deliberate: works of knowledge are designed to communicate knowledge that enables specific types of activities and facilitates the achievement of specific goals. The selection of what concepts are primitive within the scope of the work, and what relationships are established between different works, is also deliberate and usually depends on the target audience, i.e. the class of agents (and their background knowledge) that are expected to internalize the knowledge." , "The term 'Work of Knowledge' mirrors the term 'Work of Art'" ; . api4kp:abbreviates a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isAssociatedWith ; rdfs:label "abbreviates" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; skos:definition "uses a smaller number of symbols, fragments, and/or concepts than the target expression, while sharing at least subject and topic" ; . api4kp:archetypes a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isAbout ; rdfs:label "archetypes" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:DefinedConcept ; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#isConceptOf" ; skos:definition "abstracts the common qualities of a class of individuals" ; . api4kp:captures a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "captures" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:WorkOfKnowledge ; rdfs:range api4kp:Knowledge ; skos:definition "frames, organizes and makes explicit" ; skos:scopeNote "knowledge can be tacit or explicit, and due to its graph-oriented nature, it may not have a definitive boundary. The curation act of a work of knowledge consists in scoping and externalizing a piece of that knowledge." ; . api4kp:carries a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isManifestationOf ; rdfs:label "carries" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeCarrier ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeAsset ; owl:propertyChainAxiom ( api4kp:embodies api4kp:expresses ) , ( api4kp:isInscribedWith api4kp:isEncodingOf api4kp:isSerializationOf api4kp:isConcretizationOf api4kp:isRealizationOf ) ; skos:definition "is inscribed with a (serialized) expression of a knowledge asset" ; . api4kp:completelyExpresses a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:expresses ; rdfs:label "completely expresses" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeAsset ; skos:definition "is such that, for each concept in the knowledge asset, has at least one fragment that captures it" ; . api4kp:conceptualizes a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:conveysFormalStructure ; rdfs:label "conceptualizes" ; rdfs:domain dol:Ontology ; skos:definition "provides a formalization of the necessary aspects of" ; . api4kp:conveysFormalStructure a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:faithfullyExpresses , api4kp:laconicallyExpresses , api4kp:represents , api4kp:soundlyExpresses ; rdfs:label "conveys formal structure" ; skos:note "faithfully, concisely, consistently and unambiguously expresses a knowledge asset using a formal (grammatical) structure, if not a knowledge representation language" ; . api4kp:defines a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:captures , cmns-dsg:defines ; rdfs:label "defines" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:Definition ; rdfs:range api4kp:DefinedConcept ; skos:definition "provides the necessary and sufficient conditions to classify (and possibly to construct) instances of a concept" ; . api4kp:definesInTermsOf a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:usesConcept , cmns-dsg:defines ; rdfs:label "defines in terms of" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:Definition ; rdfs:range api4kp:Concept ; skos:definition "requires instances of this concept to be inputs during the process of being applied, where the instances would have to be scoped by the same context" ; . api4kp:dependsOn a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isAssociatedWith ; rdfs:label "depends on"@en ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; skos:definition "involves such that its use is impacted by the availability of the target resource" ; skos:note "An asset may depend on another asset if the latter is background knowledge that facilitates the understanding of the former." ; skos:scopeNote "includes mandatory vs. optional dependencies, named vs. type-based dependencies, and early vs. late resolution" ; cmns-av:synonym "leverages" ; . api4kp:embodies a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isManifestationOf ; rdfs:label "embodies" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeCarrier ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; skos:definition "has a copy of an (encoding of a concretization of a) knowledge expression inscribed on/in it" ; skos:scopeNote "a specialization of the upper ontology notion of 'bearing'" ; . api4kp:expresses a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isManifestationOf ; rdfs:label "expresses" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeAsset ; owl:inverseOf api4kp:isMaterializedIn ; skos:definition "is the expression of a knowledge asset in a given language" ; . api4kp:faithfullyExpresses a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:completelyExpresses , api4kp:lucidlyExpresses ; rdfs:label "faithfully expresses" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeAsset ; skos:definition "expresses correctly and completely" ; . api4kp:hasAssetSurrogate a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isManifestedIn ; rdfs:label "has asset surrogate" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeAsset ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeAssetSurrogate ; skos:definition "has descriptive knowledge about itself and its manifestations that is carried by some artifact" ; . api4kp:hasExemplar a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:archetypes ; rdfs:label "has exemplar" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeManifestation ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeArtifact ; skos:definition "abstracts the common qualities of a class of knowledge artifacts" ; . api4kp:hasProperPart a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf cmns-col:hasPart ; rdfs:label "has proper part" ; owl:inverseOf api4kp:isProperPartOf ; skos:definition "has part that is identifiable and distinct from the whole" ; . api4kp:hasStructuralComponent a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:hasProperPart , api4kp:isAssociatedWith ; rdfs:label "has structural component" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:CompositeKnowledgeResource ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; skos:definition "has proper part that is a functional component (i.e. plays a role with respect to the other parts of the same composite it is part of)" ; . api4kp:hasStructuringComponent a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:hasStructuralComponent ; rdfs:label "has structuring component" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:CompositeKnowledgeResource ; rdfs:range api4kp:StructuringKnowledgeExpression ; skos:definition "has structural component whose role is to define roles and relationships between the other components" ; . api4kp:hasSubject a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isAbout ; rdfs:label "has subject" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; skos:definition "is, expresses or carries knowledge of a class of entities that are loosely categorized" ; . api4kp:hasTopic a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isAbout ; rdfs:label "has topic" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; skos:definition "is, expresses or carries knowledge of a specific aspect of the entities it has as a subject" ; . api4kp:internallyRepresents a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "internally represents"@en ; rdfs:domain api4kp:ArtificialAgent ; skos:definition "carries an internal representation of the knowledge (e.g. neurons, but also digital memories) that enables reasoning and planning" ; . api4kp:isAbout a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is about" ; skos:definition "relates something to a particular subject or topic - who, what, how, when, where or why a referent entity is and/or behaves" ; . api4kp:isAssociatedWith a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is associated with" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; skos:definition "is generically related to" ; . api4kp:isCarriedBy a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isManifestedIn ; rdfs:label "is carried by"@en ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeAsset ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeCarrier ; owl:inverseOf api4kp:carries ; skos:definition "has some expression that is serialized and inscribed on a knowledge carrier, of which this asset is (part of) its content" ; cmns-av:synonym "has carrier" , "is content of" ; . api4kp:isConcretizationOf a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isManifestationOf ; rdfs:label "is concretization of"@en ; rdfs:domain api4kp:ConcreteKnowledgeExpression ; rdfs:range api4kp:AbstractKnowledgeExpression ; skos:definition "can be parsed into (the) abstract knowledge expression" ; . api4kp:isDerivedFrom a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isAssociatedWith ; rdfs:label "is derived from" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; skos:definition "created as the product of an activity that used another resource as an input, and such that some of the concepts used in the input resource ended up being used in this resource" ; skos:note "a resource may be a derivative of any number of resources, all which need to contribute at least some concept." ; . api4kp:isEmbodiedIn a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isManifestedIn ; rdfs:label "embodied in" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeCarrier ; owl:inverseOf api4kp:embodies ; skos:definition "has a (serialized and encoded) copy inscribed in the target carrier" ; skos:scopeNote "a specialization of the upper ontology notion of 'inherence'" ; . api4kp:isEncodingOf a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isManifestationOf ; rdfs:label "is encoding of" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:EncodedKnowledgeExpression ; rdfs:range api4kp:SerializedKnowledgeExpression ; skos:definition "can be decoded into (the) serializedp knowledge expression" ; . api4kp:isInscribedWith a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isManifestationOf ; rdfs:label "is inscribed with" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeCarrier ; rdfs:range api4kp:EncodedKnowledgeExpression ; cmns-av:synonym "engraved with" ; . api4kp:isInvolvedIn a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is involved in" ; rdfs:range api4kp:Activity ; skos:definition "entity that participates, playing some role, in an activity" ; cmns-av:synonym "participates in" ; . api4kp:isManifestationOf a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is manifestation of" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; owl:inverseOf api4kp:isManifestedIn ; skos:definition "is mappable to a knowledge resource that exists at a higher level of abstraction on the asset / artifact chain" ; . api4kp:isManifestedIn a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is manifested in" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; skos:definition "is mappable to a knowledge resource that exists at a lower level of abstraction on the asset / artifact chain" ; . api4kp:isMaterializedIn a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isManifestedIn ; rdfs:label "is materialized in" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeAsset ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; skos:definition "can be reconstructed from the parsing and interpretation of" ; cmns-av:synonym "has expression" ; . api4kp:isProductOf a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isInvolvedIn ; rdfs:label "is product of" ; rdfs:range api4kp:Activity ; skos:definition "exists as a consequence of the execution of an activity" ; . api4kp:isProperPartOf a owl:ObjectProperty , owl:IrreflexiveProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf cmns-col:isPartOf ; rdfs:label "is proper part of" ; skos:definition "is part of something distinct" ; . api4kp:isRealizationOf a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isManifestationOf ; rdfs:label "is realization of" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:AbstractKnowledgeExpression ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeAsset ; skos:definition "can be abstracted into (the) knowledge asset" ; . api4kp:isRecipientOf a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isInvolvedIn ; rdfs:label "is recipient of" ; rdfs:range api4kp:Activity ; skos:definition "participates passively, and is somehow affected, during the course of an activity" ; cmns-av:synonym "is patient of" , "is target of" ; . api4kp:isSerializationOf a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isManifestationOf ; rdfs:label "is serialization of" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:SerializedKnowledgeExpression ; rdfs:range api4kp:ConcreteKnowledgeExpression ; skos:definition "can be parsed into (the) concrete knowledge expression" ; . api4kp:isUsedIn a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isInvolvedIn ; rdfs:label "is used in" ; rdfs:range api4kp:Activity ; skos:definition "is employed under the control of an agent that performs an activity, for the purpose of achieving a goal" ; . api4kp:isVariantOf a owl:ObjectProperty , owl:SymmetricProperty , owl:TransitiveProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isAssociatedWith ; rdfs:label "is variant of" ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf ( api4kp:KnowledgeArtifact api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ) ; ] ; rdfs:range [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf ( api4kp:KnowledgeArtifact api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ) ; ] ; skos:definition "expresses or carries the same knowledge asset as, but differs in at least one of language, serialization, lexicon, alphabet, encoding, or internal arrangement thereof" ; . api4kp:laconicallyExpresses a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:expresses ; rdfs:label "laconically expresses" ; dct:source "(Weber, 1997): construct redundancy occurs when more than one grammatical construct can be used to represent the same ontological construct" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeAsset ; skos:definition "such that, for each concept in the knowledge asset, that concept is always represented using the same construct every time it is evoked in a fragment of the expression" ; . api4kp:lucidlyExpresses a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:expresses ; rdfs:label "lucidly expresses" ; dct:source '(Weber, 1997): "construct overload occurs when a single grammatical construct can stand for two or more ontological constructs"' ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeAsset ; skos:definition "such that every fragment of the expression has no more than one possible interpretation as a concept that is part of the knowledge asset" ; . api4kp:models a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:conveysFormalStructure ; rdfs:label "models" ; rdfs:domain dol:Model ; skos:definition "provides a descriptive formalization of the necessary and contigent aspects of" ; . api4kp:performs a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:isInvolvedIn ; rdfs:label "performs" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:Agent ; rdfs:range api4kp:Activity ; skos:definition "actively contributes to the progress of the activity towards the achievement of its goals" ; . api4kp:represents a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "represents" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; owl:propertyChainAxiom ( api4kp:expresses api4kp:captures api4kp:isAbout ) ; skos:definition "expresses knowledge about something, usually in a formal way" ; . api4kp:soundlyExpresses a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:expresses ; rdfs:label "soundly expresses" ; dct:source '(Weber, 1997): "construct excess occurs when a grammatical construct does not map onto an ontological construct"' ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ; rdfs:range api4kp:KnowledgeAsset ; skos:definition "is such that every fragment in the expression can be interpreted in terms of concepts that are part of the knowledge asset" ; skos:note "no element in the epxression is redundant" ; . api4kp:specifies a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:conveysFormalStructure ; rdfs:label "specifies" ; rdfs:domain dol:Specification ; skos:definition "provides a prescriptive formalization of the normative and informative aspects of" ; . api4kp:structures a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf cmns-col:hasArrangement ; rdfs:label "structures" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:StructuringKnowledgeExpression ; rdfs:range api4kp:ComplexKnowledgeResource ; skos:definition "establishes (potential) components, roles and mutual relationships" ; . api4kp:usesConcept a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf cmns-cxtdsg:uses ; rdfs:label "uses concept" ; rdfs:domain api4kp:KnowledgeResource ; rdfs:range api4kp:Concept ; skos:definition "is, expresses or carries knowledge of which this concept is either part or a dependency of" ; . api4kp:usesLanguage a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf cmns-cxtdsg:uses ; rdfs:label "uses language" ; rdfs:range lcc-lr:Language ; skos:definition "employs a specific language in order to accomplish some task or achieve some result" ; . api4kp:usesNaturalLanguage a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf api4kp:usesLanguage ; rdfs:label "uses natural language" ; rdfs:range lcc-lr:NaturalLanguage ; skos:definition "employs a specific natural language in order to accomplish some task or achieve some result" ; . lcc-lr:Transcription a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeProcessingActivity ; . lcc-lr:Transliteration a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf api4kp:KnowledgeProcessingActivity ; . [] a owl:AllDisjointClasses ; owl:members ( api4kp:KnowledgeArtifact api4kp:KnowledgeAsset api4kp:KnowledgeExpression ) ; .