The Core meta-model package contains that meta-model classes and abstractions that build the fundament for all other meta-model packages. In other words, all the common classes amongst all compliance levels defining the core of SPEM 2.0 have been place here. Core mainly defines classes for two SPEM 2.0 capabilities: (1) The ability for a SPEM 2.0 user to create user-defined qualifications for a SPEM 2.0 classes allowing users to distinguish different 'kinds' SPEM 2.0 class instances. (2) A set of abstract classes to define work expressed as SPEM 2.0 processes. All SPEM 2.0 classes that derive from these classes are intended to map to behavior classes of behavior models (e.g. can be assigned as stereotypes to UML 2.0 Activities or linked to behaviored classifiers). Development processes are in many cases not only represented as models, but documented and managed as natural language descriptions. For many software development approaches and methods human consumable documentation providing understandable guidance for best development practices is more important than precise models. In other words, the practicality of techniques and methods expressed with these practices is in many cases perceived to provide higher value than strict obedience to a formally defined process. The reasons for this are that many development approaches see software development rather as a creative process that requires constant reevaluation and adoption than a strict sequence of activities. For example, for modern agile development teams, best practices of software development are communicated through mentoring and short practice descriptions in white paper format, rather than formally defined models. They assume certain values and a development culture that cannot be formalized with models, but can only be captured in natural language documentation. The Managed Content meta-model package introduced concepts for managing the textual content of such descriptions. These concepts can either be used standalone or in combination with process structure concepts. For example, a SPEM 2.0 based process could be solely comprised of a set of instances of the guidance meta-class defining development best practices in whitepaper format. It could also be comprised of a combination of these guidance elements with a process structure using relationships defined in the Managed Content meta-model package that allows associating guidance elements with process structure elements. This package defines the base for all process models. It supports the creation of simple and flexible process models. Its core data structure is a breakdown or decomposition of nested Activities that maintain lists of references to performing Role classes as well as input and output Work Product classes for each Activity. In addition it provides mechanism for process reuse such as the dynamic binding of process patterns that allow users assembling processes with sets of dynamically linked Activities. These structures are used to represent high-level and basic processes that are not textually documented and ideal for the ad-hoc assembly of processes especially the representation of agile processes and self-organizing team approaches. The Method Content meta-model package provides the concepts for SPEM 2.0 users and organization to build up a development knowledgebase that is independent of any specific processes and development projects. It adds concepts for defining lifecycle and process-independent reusable method content elements that provide a base of documented knowledge of software development methods, techniques, and concrete realizations of best practices. Method Content comprises of textual step-by-step explanations, describing how specific fine-granular development goals are achieved by which roles with which resources and results, independent of the placement of these steps within a specific development lifecycle. Processes would reuse these method content elements and relate them into semi-ordered sequences that are customized to specific types of projects. A SPEM 2.0 user can define Method Content as general guidance and build up a knowledge base of development methods without ever creating a process, but adding a little bit more structure for her content as provided by the generic meta-classes defined in the Managed Content package. These structures selected for the Method Content package have been derived from best practices in the industry. Development processes can be based on reusable method content (as defined in the Process with Methods meta-model package), but they can also be independent of method content (by just using the Process Structure meta-model package) defining ad-hoc processes that are not based on such reusable methods. The concepts of the Process Structure package represent a process as a static breakdown structure allowing nesting of activities and defining predecessor dependencies amongst them. The Process Behavior meta-model package allows extending these structures with behavioral models. However, it does not define it own behavior modeling approach, but rather provides 'links' to existing externally defined behavior models enabling reuse of these approaches from other OMG or third party specifications. For example, a process defined with the Process Structure concepts can be linked to UML 2 Activity diagrams that represent the behavior of such process. Such process models can utilize the SPEM UML 2 Profile for a consistent presentation for such UML 2 models in addition to the 'links' defined in this Process Behavior meta-model package. A classifier is a classification of instances - it describes a set of instances that have features in common. A classifier can specify a generalization hierarchy by referencing its general classifiers. Generalization hierarchies must be directed and acyclical. A classifier can not be both a transitively general and transitively specific classifier of the same classifier. OCL not self.allParents()->includes(self) A classifier may only specialize classifiers of a valid type. OCL self.parents()->forAll(c | self.maySpecializeType(c)) Refers to all of the Properties that are direct (i.e. not inherited or imported) attributes of the classifier. Note that there may be members of the Classifier that are of the type Feature but are not included in this association, e.g. inherited features. References the general classifier in the Generalization relationship. Specifies all elements inherited by this classifier from the general classifiers. The query conformsTo() gives true for a classifier that defines a type that conforms to another. This is used, for example, in the specification of signature conformance for operations. OCL result = (self=other) or (self.allParents()->includes(other)) The query allFeatures() gives all of the features in the namespace of the classifier. In general, through mechanisms such as inheritance, this will be a larger set than feature. OCL result = member->select(oclIsKindOf(Feature)) The general classifiers are the classifiers referenced by the generalization relationships. OCL result = self.parents() The query parents() gives all of the immediate ancestors of a generalized Classifier. OCL result = generalization.general The inheritedMember association is derived by inheriting the inheritable members of the parents. OCL result = self.inherit(self.parents()->collect(p | p.inheritableMembers(self)) The query allParents() gives all of the direct and indirect ancestors of a generalized Classifier. OCL result = self.parents()->union(self.parents()->collect(p | p.allParents()) The query inheritableMembers() gives all of the members of a classifier that may be inherited in one of its descendants, subject to whatever visibility restrictions apply. OCL c.allParents()->includes(self) OCL result = member->select(m | c.hasVisibilityOf(m)) The query hasVisibilityOf() determines whether a named element is visible in the classifier. By default all are visible. It is only called when the argument is something owned by a parent. OCL self.allParents()->collect(c | c.member)->includes(n) OCL result = if (self.inheritedMember->includes(n)) then (n.visibility <> #private) else true The inherit operation is overridden to exclude redefined properties. OCL result = inhs The query maySpecializeType() determines whether this classifier may have a generalization relationship to classifiers of the specified type. By default a classifier may specialize classifiers of the same or a more general type. It is intended to be redefined by classifiers that have different specialization constraints. OCL result = self.oclIsKindOf(c.oclType) A directed relationship represents a relationship between a collection of source model elements and a collection of target model elements. Specifies the sources of the DirectedRelationship. Specifies the targets of the DirectedRelationship. An element is a constituent of a model. As such, it has the capability of owning other elements. An element may not directly or indirectly own itself. OCL not self.allOwnedElements()->includes(self) Elements that must be owned must have an owner. OCL self.mustBeOwned() implies owner->notEmpty() The Elements owned by this element. The Element that owns this element. The Comments owned by this element. The query allOwnedElements() gives all of the direct and indirect owned elements of an element. OCL result = ownedElement->union(ownedElement->collect(e | e.allOwnedElements())) The query mustBeOwned() indicates whether elements of this type must have an owner. Subclasses of Element that do not require an owner must override this operation. OCL result = true A feature declares a behavioral or structural characteristic of instances of classifiers. The Classifiers that have this Feature as a feature. A multiplicity is a definition of an inclusive interval of non-negative integers beginning with a lower bound and ending with a (possibly infinite) upper bound. A multiplicity element embeds this information to specify the allowable cardinalities for an instantiation of this element. A multiplicity must define at least one valid cardinality that is greater than zero. OCL upperBound()->notEmpty() implies upperBound() > 0 The upper bound must be greater than or equal to the lower bound. OCL (upperBound()->notEmpty() and lowerBound()->notEmpty()) implies upperBound() >= lowerBound() The lower bound must be a non-negative integer literal. OCL lowerBound()->notEmpty() implies lowerBound() >= 0 For a multivalued multiplicity, this attribute specifies whether the values in an instantiation of this element are sequentially ordered. For a multivalued multiplicity, this attributes specifies whether the values in an instantiation of this element are unique. Specifies the lower bound of the multiplicity interval. Specifies the upper bound of the multiplicity interval. The query isMultivalued() checks whether this multiplicity has an upper bound greater than one. OCL upperBound()->notEmpty() OCL result = upperBound() > 1 The query includesMultiplicity() checks whether this multiplicity includes all the cardinalities allowed by the specified multiplicity. OCL self.upperBound()->notEmpty() and self.lowerBound()->notEmpty() and M.upperBound()->notEmpty() and M.lowerBound()->notEmpty() OCL result = (self.lowerBound() <= M.lowerBound()) and (self.upperBound() >= M.upperBound()) The query includesCardinality() checks whether the specified cardinality is valid for this multiplicity. OCL upperBound()->notEmpty() and lowerBound()->notEmpty() OCL result = (lowerBound() <= C) and (upperBound() >= C) The query lowerBound() returns the lower bound of the multiplicity as an integer. OCL result = if lower->notEmpty() then lower else 1 endif The query upperBound() returns the upper bound of the multiplicity for a bounded multiplicity as an unlimited natural. OCL result = if upper->notEmpty() then upper else 1 endif A namespace is an element in a model that contains a set of named elements that can be identified by name. All the members of a Namespace are distinguishable within it. OCL membersAreDistinguishable() References the PackageableElements that are members of this Namespace as a result of either PackageImports or ElementImports. References the ElementImports owned by the Namespace. References the PackageImports owned by the Namespace. A collection of NamedElements owned by the Namespace. A collection of NamedElements identifiable within the Namespace, either by being owned or by being introduced by importing or inheritance. The importedMember property is derived from the ElementImports and the PackageImports. References the PackageableElements that are members of this Namespace as a result of either PackageImports or ElementImports. OCL result = self.importMembers(self.elementImport.importedElement.asSet()->union(self.packageImport.importedPackage->collect(p | p.visibleMembers()))) The query getNamesOfMember() takes importing into account. It gives back the set of names that an element would have in an importing namespace, either because it is owned, or if not owned then imported individually, or if not individually then from a package. OCL result = if self.ownedMember->includes(element) then Set{}->include(element.name) else let elementImports: ElementImport = self.elementImport->select(ei | ei.importedElement = element) in if elementImports->notEmpty() then elementImports->collect(el | el.getName()) else self.packageImport->select(pi | pi.importedPackage.visibleMembers()->includes(element))->collect(pi | pi.importedPackage.getNamesOfMember(element)) endif endif The query importMembers() defines which of a set of PackageableElements are actually imported into the namespace. This excludes hidden ones, i.e., those which have names that conflict with names of owned members, and also excludes elements which would have the same name when imported. OCL result = self.excludeCollisions(imps)->select(imp | self.ownedMember->forAll(mem | mem.imp.isDistinguishableFrom(mem, self))) The query excludeCollisions() excludes from a set of PackageableElements any that would not be distinguishable from each other in this namespace. OCL result = imps->reject(imp1 | imps.exists(imp2 | not imp1.isDistinguishableFrom(imp2, self))) The Boolean query membersAreDistinguishable() determines whether all of the namespace's members are distinguishable within it. OCL result = self.member->forAll( memb | self.member->excluding(memb)->forAll(other | memb.isDistinguishableFrom(other, self))) A packageable element indicates a named element that may be owned directly by a package. A redefinable element is an element that, when defined in the context of a classifier, can be redefined more specifically or differently in the context of another classifier that specializes (directly or indirectly) the context classifier. At least one of the redefinition contexts of the redefining element must be a specialization of at least one of the redefinition contexts for each redefined element. OCL self.redefinedElement->forAll(e | self.isRedefinitionContextValid(e)) A redefining element must be consistent with each redefined element. OCL self.redefinedElement->forAll(re | re.isConsistentWith(self)) References the contexts that this element may be redefined from. The redefinable element that is being redefined by this element. The query isConsistentWith() specifies, for any two RedefinableElements in a context in which redefinition is possible, whether redefinition would be logically consistent. By default, this is false; this operation must be overridden for subclasses of RedefinableElement to define the consistency conditions. OCL result = false The query isRedefinitionContextValid() specifies whether the redefinition contexts of this RedefinableElement are properly related to the redefinition contexts of the specified RedefinableElement to allow this element to redefine the other. By default at least one of the redefinition contexts of this element must be a specialization of at least one of the redefinition contexts of the specified element. OCL result = self.redefinitionContext->exists(c | redefined.redefinitionContext->exists(r | c.allParents()->includes(r))) Relationship is an abstract concept that specifies some kind of relationship between elements. Specifies the elements related by the Relationship. A structural feature is a typed feature of a classifier that specifies the structure of instances of the classifier. A typed element is a kind of named element that represents an element with a type. This information is derived from the return result for this Operation. A value specification is the specification of a (possibly empty) set of instances, including both objects and data values. The query isComputable() determines whether a value specification can be computed in a model. This operation cannot be fully defined in OCL. A conforming implementation is expected to deliver true for this operation for all value specifications that it can compute, and to compute all of those for which the operation is true. A conforming implementation is expected to be able to compute the value of all literals. OCL result = false The query integerValue() gives a single Integer value when one can be computed. OCL result = Set{} The query booleanValue() gives a single Boolean value when one can be computed. OCL result = Set{} The query stringValue() gives a single String value when one can be computed. OCL result = Set{} The query unlimitedValue() gives a single UnlimitedNatural value when one can be computed. OCL result = Set{} The query isNull() returns true when it can be computed that the value is null. OCL result = false An association describes a set of tuples whose values refer to typed instances. An instance of an association is called a link. Association ends of associations with more than two ends must be owned by the association. OCL if memberEnd->size() > 2 then ownedEnd->includesAll(memberEnd) Specifies whether the association is derived from other model elements such as other associations or constraints. The ends that are owned by the association itself. References the classifiers that are used as types of the ends of the association. Each end represents participation of instances of the classifier connected to the end in links of the association. The navigable ends that are owned by the association itself. A class describes a set of objects that share the same specifications of features, constraints, and semantics. True when a class is abstract. The attributes (i.e. the properties) owned by the class. The operations owned by the class. This gives the superclasses of a class. The inherit operation is overridden to exclude redefined properties. OCL result = inhs->excluding(inh | ownedMember->select(oclIsKindOf(RedefinableElement))->select(redefinedElement->includes(inh))) A property is a structural feature of a classifier that characterizes instances of the classifier. A property related by ownedAttribute to a classifier (other than an association) represents an attribute and might also represent an association end. It relates an instance of the class to a value or set of values of the type of the attribute. A property related by memberEnd or its specializations to an association represents an end of the association. The type of the property is the type of the end of the association. A multiplicity of a composite aggregation must not have an upper bound greater than 1. OCL isComposite implies (upperBound()->isEmpty() or upperBound() <= 1) Subsetting may only occur when the context of the subsetting property conforms to the context of the subsetted property. OCL self.subsettedProperty->notEmpty() implies (self.subsettingContext()->notEmpty() and self.subsettingContext()->forAll (sc | self.subsettedProperty->forAll(sp | sp.subsettingContext()->exists(c | sc.conformsTo(c))))) A redefined property must be inherited from a more general classifier containing the redefining property. OCL if (redefinedProperty->notEmpty()) then (redefinitionContext->notEmpty() and redefinedProperty->forAll(rp| ((redefinitionContext->collect(fc| fc.allParents()))->asSet())->collect(c| c.allFeatures())->asSet()->includes(rp)) A subsetting property may strengthen the type of the subsetted property, and its upper bound may be less. OCL self.subsettedProperty->forAll(sp | self.type.conformsTo(sp.type) and ((self.upperBound()->notEmpty() and sp.upperBound()->notEmpty()) implies self.upperBound()<=sp.upperBound() )) Only a navigable property can be marked as readOnly. OCL isReadOnly implies isNavigable() A derived union is derived. OCL isDerivedUnion implies isDerived A property may not subset a property with the same name. OCL true If isReadOnly is true, the attribute may not be written to after initialization. Specifies a String that represents a value to be used when no argument is supplied for the Property. If isComposite is true, the object containing the attribute is a container for the object or value contained in the attribute. If isDerived is true, the value of the attribute is derived from information elsewhere. Specifies whether the property is derived as the union of all of the properties that are constrained to subset it. References the Class that owns the Property. References the owning association of this property, if any. References the properties that are redefined by this property. References the properties of which this property is constrained to be a subset. In the case where the property is one navigable end of a binary association with both ends navigable, this gives the other end. The DataType that owns this Property. References the association of which this property is a member, if any. If this property is owned by a class, associated with a binary association, and the other end of the association is also owned by a class, then opposite gives the other end. OCL result = if owningAssociation->isEmpty() and association.memberEnd->size() = 2 then let otherEnd = (association.memberEnd - self)->any() in if otherEnd.owningAssociation->isEmpty() then otherEnd else Set{} endif else Set {} endif The query isConsistentWith() specifies, for any two Properties in a context in which redefinition is possible, whether redefinition would be logically consistent. A redefining property is consistent with a redefined property if the type of the redefining property conforms to the type of the redefined property, the multiplicity of the redefining property (if specified) is contained in the multiplicity of the redefined property, and the redefining property is derived if the redefined property is derived. OCL redefinee.isRedefinitionContextValid(self) OCL result = redefinee.oclIsKindOf(Property) and let prop : Property = redefinee.oclAsType(Property) in (prop.type.conformsTo(self.type) and ((prop.lowerBound()->notEmpty() and self.lowerBound()->notEmpty()) implies prop.lowerBound() >= self.lowerBound()) and ((prop.upperBound()->notEmpty() and self.upperBound()->notEmpty()) implies prop.lowerBound() <= self.lowerBound()) and (self.isDerived implies prop.isDerived) and (self.isComposite implies prop.isComposite)) The query subsettingContext() gives the context for subsetting a property. It consists, in the case of an attribute, of the corresponding classifier, and in the case of an association end, all of the classifiers at the other ends. OCL result = if association->notEmpty() then association.endType-type else if classifier->notEmpty then Set{classifier} else Set{} endif endif The query isNavigable() indicates whether it is possible to navigate across the property. OCL result = not classifier->isEmpty() or association.owningAssociation.navigableOwnedEnd->includes(self) The query isAttribute() is true if the Property is defined as an attribute of some classifier. OCL result = Classifier->allInstances->exists(c | c.attribute->includes(p)) A data type is a type whose instances are identified only by their value. A data type may contain attributes to support the modeling of structured data types. The Attributes owned by the DataType. The Operations owned by the DataType. The inherit operation is overridden to exclude redefined properties. OCL result = inhs->excluding(inh | ownedMember->select(oclIsKindOf(RedefinableElement))->select(redefinedElement->includes(inh))) An enumeration is a data type whose values are enumerated in the model as enumeration literals. The ordered set of literals for this Enumeration. An enumeration literal is a user-defined data value for an enumeration. The Enumeration that this EnumerationLiteral is a member of. A primitive type defines a predefined data type, without any relevant substructure (i.e., it has no parts in the context of UML). A primitive datatype may have an algebra and operations defined outside of UML, for example, mathematically. A constraint is a condition or restriction expressed in natural language text or in a machine readable language for the purpose of declaring some of the semantics of an element. A constraint cannot be applied to itself. OCL not constrainedElement->includes(self) The value specification for a constraint must evaluate to a Boolean value. OCL self.specification().booleanValue().isOclKindOf(Boolean) The ordered set of Elements referenced by this Constraint. A condition that must be true when evaluated in order for the constraint to be satisfied. An opaque expression is an uninterpreted textual statement that denotes a (possibly empty) set of values when evaluated in a context. If the language attribute is not empty, then the size of the body and language arrays must be the same. OCL language->notEmpty() implies (body->size() = language->size()) The text of the expression, possibly in multiple languages. Specifies the languages in which the expression is stated. The interpretation of the expression body depends on the languages. If the languages are unspecified, they might be implicit from the expression body or the context. Languages are matched to body strings by order. An operation is a behavioral feature of a classifier that specifies the name, type, parameters, and constraints for invoking an associated behavior. A bodyCondition can only be specified for a query operation. OCL bodyCondition->notEmpty() implies isQuery An operation can have at most one return parameter; i.e., an owned parameter with the direction set to 'return' OCL self.ownedParameter->select(par | par.direction = #return)->size() <= 1 Specifies whether an execution of the BehavioralFeature leaves the state of the system unchanged (isQuery=true) or whether side effects may occur (isQuery=false). This information is derived from the return result for this Operation. This information is derived from the return result for this Operation. This information is derived from the return result for this Operation. This information is derived from the return result for this Operation. The class that owns the operation. The DataType that owns this Operation. References the Types representing exceptions that may be raised during an invocation of this operation. References the Operations that are redefined by this Operation. This information is derived from the return result for this Operation. Specifies the ordered set of formal parameters of this BehavioralFeature. If this operation has a return parameter, isOrdered equals the value of isOrdered for that parameter. Otherwise isOrdered is false. OCL result = if returnResult->size() = 1 then returnResult->any().isOrdered else false endif If this operation has a return parameter, isUnique equals the value of isUnique for that parameter. Otherwise isUnique is true. OCL result = if returnResult->size() = 1 then returnResult->any().isUnique else true endif If this operation has a return parameter, lower equals the value of lower for that parameter. Otherwise lower is not defined. OCL result = if returnResult->size() = 1 then returnResult->any().lower else Set{} endif If this operation has a return parameter, upper equals the value of upper for that parameter. Otherwise upper is not defined. OCL result = if returnResult->size() = 1 then returnResult->any().upper else Set{} endif If this operation has a return parameter, type equals the value of type for that parameter. Otherwise type is not defined. OCL result = if returnResult->size() = 1 then returnResult->any().type else Set{} endif The query isConsistentWith() specifies, for any two Operations in a context in which redefinition is possible, whether redefinition would be consistent in the sense of maintaining type covariance. Other senses of consistency may be required, for example to determine consistency in the sense of contravariance. Users may define alternative queries under names different from 'isConsistentWith()', as for example, users may define a query named 'isContravariantWith()'. OCL redefinee.isRedefinitionContextValid(self) OCL result = (redefinee.oclIsKindOf(Operation) and let op: Operation = redefinee.oclAsType(Operation) in self.formalParameter.size() = op.formalParameter.size() and self.returnResult.size() = op.returnResult.size() and forAll(i | op.formalParameter[i].type.conformsTo(self.formalParameter[i].type)) and forAll(i | op.returnResult[i].type.conformsTo(self.returnResult[i].type)) ) OCL result = ownedParameter->select (par | par.direction = #return) A parameter is a specification of an argument used to pass information into or out of an invocation of a behavioral feature. Specifies a String that represents a value to be used when no argument is supplied for the Parameter. Indicates whether a parameter is being sent into or out of a behavioral element. References the Operation owning this parameter. A behavioral feature is a feature of a classifier that specifies an aspect of the behavior of its instances. Specifies the ordered set of formal parameters of this BehavioralFeature. References the Types representing exceptions that may be raised during an invocation of this feature. The query isDistinguishableFrom() determines whether two BehavioralFeatures may coexist in the same Namespace. It specifies that they have to have different signatures. OCL result = if n.oclIsKindOf(BehavioralFeature) then if ns.getNamesOfMember(self)->intersection(ns.getNamesOfMember(n))->notEmpty() then Set{}->include(self)->include(n)->isUnique( bf | bf.parameter->collect(type)) else true endif else true endif An element import identifies an element in another package, and allows the element to be referenced using its name without a qualifier. The visibility of an ElementImport is either public or private. OCL self.visibility = #public or self.visibility = #private An importedElement has either public visibility or no visibility at all. OCL self.importedElement.visibility.notEmpty() implies self.importedElement.visibility = #public Specifies the visibility of the imported PackageableElement within the importing Package. The default visibility is the same as that of the imported element. If the imported element does not have a visibility, it is possible to add visibility to the element import. Specifies the name that should be added to the namespace of the importing package in lieu of the name of the imported packagable element. The aliased name must not clash with any other member name in the importing package. By default, no alias is used. Specifies the PackageableElement whose name is to be added to a Namespace. Specifies the Namespace that imports a PackageableElement from another Package. The query getName() returns the name under which the imported PackageableElement will be known in the importing namespace. OCL result = if self.alias->notEmpty() then self.alias else self.importedElement.name endif A package is used to group elements, and provides a namespace for the grouped elements. If an element that is owned by a package has visibility, it is public or private. OCL self.ownedElements->forAll(e | e.visibility->notEmpty() implies e.visbility = #public or e.visibility = #private) Specifies the packageable elements that are owned by this Package. References the packaged elements that are Types. References the packaged elements that are Packages. References the Package that owns this Package. References the PackageMerges that are owned by this Package. The query mustBeOwned() indicates whether elements of this type must have an owner. OCL result = false The query visibleMembers() defines which members of a Package can be accessed outside it. OCL result = member->select( m | self.makesVisible(m)) The query makesVisible() defines whether a Package makes an element visible outside itself. Elements with no visibility and elements with public visibility are made visible. OCL self.member->includes(el) OCL result = (ownedMember->includes(el)) or (elementImport-> select(ei|ei.visibility = #public)-> collect(ei|ei.importedElement)->includes(el)) or (packageImport-> select(pi|pi.visibility = #public)-> collect(pi| pi.importedPackage.member->includes(el))->notEmpty()) A package import is a relationship that allows the use of unqualified names to refer to package members from other namespaces. The visibility of a PackageImport is either public or private. OCL self.visibility = #public or self.visibility = #private Specifies the visibility of the imported PackageableElements within the importing Namespace, i.e., whether imported elements will in turn be visible to other packages that use that importingPackage as an importedPackage. If the PackageImport is public, the imported elements will be visible outside the package, while if it is private they will not. Specifies the Package whose members are imported into a Namespace. Specifies the Namespace that imports the members from a Package. A package merge defines how the contents of one package are extended by the contents of another package. References the Package that is being extended with the contents of the merged package of the PackageMerge. References the Package that is to be merged with the receiving package of the PackageMerge. A type is a named element that is used as the type for a typed element. A type can be contained in a package. Specifies the owning package of this classifier, if any. The query conformsTo() gives true for a type that conforms to another. By default, two types do not conform to each other. This query is intended to be redefined for specific conformance situations. OCL result = false A named element is an element in a model that may have a name. If there is no name, or one of the containing namespaces has no name, there is no qualified name. OCL (self.name->isEmpty() or self.allNamespaces()->select(ns | ns.name->isEmpty())->notEmpty()) implies self.qualifiedName->isEmpty() When there is a name, and all of the containing namespaces have a name, the qualified name is constructed from the names of the containing namespaces. OCL (self.name->notEmpty() and self.allNamespaces()->select(ns | ns.name->isEmpty())->isEmpty()) implies self.qualifiedName = self.allNamespaces()->iterate( ns : Namespace; result: String = self.name | ns.name->union(self.separator())->union(result)) If a NamedElement is not owned by a Namespace, it does not have a visibility. OCL namespace->isEmpty() implies visibility->isEmpty() The name of the NamedElement. Determines where the NamedElement appears within different Namespaces within the overall model, and its accessibility. Specifies the namespace that owns the NamedElement. A name which allows the NamedElement to be identified within a hierarchy of nested Namespaces. It is constructed from the names of the containing namespaces starting at the root of the hierarchy and ending with the name of the NamedElement itself. The query allNamespaces() gives the sequence of namespaces in which the NamedElement is nested, working outwards. OCL result = if self.namespace->isEmpty() then Sequence{} else self.namespace.allNamespaces()->prepend(self.namespace) endif The query isDistinguishableFrom() determines whether two NamedElements may logically co-exist within a Namespace. By default, two named elements are distinguishable if (a) they have unrelated types or (b) they have related types but different names. OCL result = if self.oclIsKindOf(n.oclType) or n.oclIsKindOf(self.oclType) then ns.getNamesOfMember(self)->intersection(ns.getNamesOfMember(n))->isEmpty() else true endif The query separator() gives the string that is used to separate names when constructing a qualified name. OCL result = '::' When there is a name, and all of the containing namespaces have a name, the qualified name is constructed from the names of the containing namespaces. OCL result = if self.name->notEmpty() and self.allNamespaces()->select(ns | ns.name->isEmpty())->isEmpty() then self.allNamespaces()->iterate( ns : Namespace; result: String = self.name | ns.name->union(self.separator())->union(result)) else Set{} endif An expression is a structured tree of symbols that denotes a (possibly empty) set of values when evaluated in a context. Specifies a sequence of operands. A comment is a textual annotation that can be attached to a set of elements. Specifies a string that is the comment. References the Element(s) being commented. VisibilityKind is an enumeration type that defines literals to determine the visibility of elements in a model. The query bestVisibility() examines a set of VisibilityKinds, and returns public as the preferred visibility. OCL result = if vis->includes(#public) then #public else #private endif A public element is visible to all elements that can access the contents of the namespace that owns it. A private element is only visible inside the namespace that owns it. A protected element is visible to elements that have a generalization relationship to the namespace that owns it. A package element is owned by a namespace that is not a package, and is visible to elements that are in the same package as its owning namespace. Only named elements that are not owned by packages can be marked as having package visibility. Any element marked as having package visibility is visible to all elements within the nearest enclosing package (given that other owning elements have proper visibility). Outside the nearest enclosing package, an element marked as having package visibility is not visible. An integer is a primitive type representing integer values. A Boolean type is used for logical expression, consisting of the predefined values true and false. A string is a sequence of characters in some suitable character set used to display information about the model. Character sets may include non-Roman alphabets and characters. An unlimited natural is a primitive type representing unlimited natural values. Work Definition Performer is an abstract Classifier that represents the relationship of a work performer to a Work Definition. Different specialization of Work Definition will introduce different kinds of performers. Work Definition Performer is intended to be specialized adding the association to the concrete performer class. This derived union provides access to all the Work Definitions a Work Definition Performer instance is related to. Kind is an Extensible Element which instances are used to qualify other SPEM 2.0 Extensible Element instances with a user-defined type or kind. As many methods and processes to be modeled with SPEM 2.0 need to define their own refined vocabulary, Kind provides the ability to a SPEM 2.0 modeler to expresses such user-defined qualifications for instances of Extensible Element. Because Kind is an Extensible Element itself one can define Kinds for the Kind class itself as well. For example, a subclass of Extensible Elements that typically utilizes Kinds is the meta-model class Guidance. Typical Guidance kinds would be: White Paper, Guideline, Checklist, Template, Reports, etc. Because of the Applicable MetaClass constraints, these Kinds can only be related to instances of the Guidance class as well as instances of any subclasses of Guidance such as Metric. Other examples are Kinds for Breakdown Elements such as Phase, Iteration, Sprint, or Increment; Kinds of Work Products such as Artifact, Deliverable, or Outcome; Kinds of Categories such as Classification, View, Grouping, Practice, Discipline, Domain, etc. All of these allow SPEM 2.0 users to distinguish the special kinds of SPEM 2.0 elements that play important role in their method or process. An instance of Kind can only be used for instances of exactly one SPEM 2.0 Extensible Element subclass or its subclasses. This property specifies which one. Extensible Element is an abstract generalization that represents any SPEM 2.0 class for which it is possible to assign a Kind to its instances expressing a user-defined qualification. Every SPEM 2.0 class that allows such a qualification derives directly or indirectly from Extensible Element. Extensible Element provides the property to relate a Kind class for its sub-classes. Such Kinds cannot be reused for many different subtypes of Extensible Element and therefore can only be related to exactly one meta-model class. Extensible Element defines a constraint called Applicable MetaClass. The constraint defines that the Kind an instance of Extensible Element links to has to link to an applicable Meta Class that is either of the same class as Extensible Element or a superclass of the Extensible Element class. See Kind for more details. OCL self.conformsTo(self.kind.applicableMetaClass) An instance of Extensible Element can be linked to zero or one Kind in which the Kind instance expresses a specific user-defined qualification for that Extensible Element instance. Parameter direction kind is an enumeration type that defines literals used to specify direction of parameters. This enumeration defines for Work Definition Parameter instances whether the parameter represents an input, output, or input as well as output. Indicates that parameter values are passed as return values from a behavioral element back to the caller. Indicates that parameter values are passed into the behavioral element by the caller. A Work Definition Parameter instance with this direction value represents an input. Indicates that parameter values are passed from a behavioral element out to the caller. A Work Definition Parameter instance with this direction value represents an output. Indicates that parameter values are passed into a behavioral element by the caller and then back out to the caller from the behavioral element. A Work Definition Parameter instance with this direction value represents an input and output. An instance of Kind can only be used for instances of exactly one SPEM 2.0 Extensible Element subclass or its subclasses. This derived union provides access to all the Work Definitions a Work Definition Performer instance is related to. This composition association adds an optional post-condition to a Work Definition. A post-condition defines any kind of constraint that must evaluate to true before the work described for the Work Definition can be declared completed or finished and which other Work Definitions might depend upon (e.g. for their pre-conditions). For example, a post-condition could define that a work product defined to be the output must be in a specific state before the Work Definition can end (e.g. ‘Use Case must be in state fully described and reviewed by System Analyst’). This composition association adds an optional pre-condition to a Work Definition. A pre-condition defines any kind of constraint that must evaluate to true before the work described for the Work Definition can start. For example, a pre-condition could define that an input Work Product needs to be in a specific state or that other related work must be in a certain state (e.g. ‘Input document X has been reviewed and signed by customer AND the work defined by Work Definition “Management Review” is complete’) before the work can begin. Work Definition can define an ordered set of parameters to specify inputs and outputs. The concrete subclasses of Work Definition need to define their own subclasses of Work Definition Parameter to add reference to concrete input/output meta types. An instance of Extensible Element can be linked to zero or one Kind in which the Kind instance expresses a specific user-defined qualification for that Extensible Element instance. Content Description is a Class that is used to store the textual description for a Describable Element. It defines standard attributes applicable for all Describable Element subtypes. Implementers of this specification can subclass Content Description to define their own matching Content Description subtypes that add user-defined description attributes to all instances of a specific Describable Element’s Content Description. Additionally, user-defined attributes can be added to individual Content Description instances when the SPEM 2.0 meta-model is instantiated creating UML 2.0 attributes for the Content Description class accessible via the ownedAttribute inherited from Class. Content Descriptions are typically localized using a resource allocation mechanism for its String type attributes. Every Describable Element described by a Content Description has a name (inherited from Named Element in UML 2.0 Infrastructure), which is used for internal references of the element. In addition to name every Describable Element can maintain a presentation name as part of the Content Description, which is the externally visible/published name of the element, which might be localized. Every Describable Element shall be briefly described with one or two sentences summarizing the element. This attribute stores the main descriptive text for the Describable Element. All text that is not part of any of the more specific attributes shall be stored here. If the description is divided into sections using the Section class, then only the text from the ‘head’ of the content description to the first section will be stored here (similar to a normal document where you can place text between its beginning and its first section heading). This attribute summarizes the main reason or rationale for having or performing this Describable Element as part of a Process or Method. It describes what is intended to be achieved with it and why the Process Practitioner should include it. A Content Description can optionally be structured into Sections. This association is use to decompose the mainDescription attribute into a hierarchy of Sections. Text stored in mainDescription when Sections are defined represents text presented before the first Section. Describable Element is a Extensible Element that represents an abstract generalization for all elements in SPEM 2.0 that can be documented with textual descriptions. Examples for Describable Elements are Roles or Work Products, which have descriptive text associated that textually define the element as well as providing guidance on how to use it. Describable Element is the superclass for elements in Process Structure as well as Method Content for which concrete textual descriptions are being defined in the form of documenting attributes grouped in a matching Content Description instance. Describable Elements are intended to be published in method or process publications. Describable Element defines that the element it represents will have content ‘attached’ to it. Content Description is the abstraction for the actual places in which the content is being represented. This separation allows a distinction between core model elements describing the structure of the model from the actual description container providing, for example, the documentation of the Describable Element in different alternatives languages, audiences, licensing levels, etc. A Section is a special Class that represents a structural subsection of a Content Description’s mainDescription attribute. It is used for either large scale documentation of Describable Elements organized into sections as well as to flexibly add new Sections to Describable Elements using contribution variability added to the Section concept for Method Plug-ins. This attributes stores the name or the header of the section. This attribute stores the description text for a Content Description’s Section. A Metric is special Guidance that contains one or more constraints that provide measurements for any Describable Element. Because Metric is Guidance, different Kinds (Section 8.2) can be defined for Metrics to distinguish different groups of Metrics such as Productivity, Quality, or Scale. A Metric defines a standard measurement for instances of a Describable Element in SPEM 2.0. For example, a process engineer can define Metrics for Work Definitions such as Activities (estimated effort in man hours), Metrics for Work Products (quality averages such as error per klocs), or Metrics for Roles (costs per hour; cost per delivered results). A Metric is documented with Content Descriptions associated to the Metric as well as formalized using instances of the UML 2.0 Constraint class. Metrics can be qualified with Kinds. A Metric defines one or more Constraints. The property subsets the inherited ownedRule property from UML 2.0 Infrastructure’s Namespace. A Category can have any number of Categories defined as sub-categories. Therefore, one could define Categories as n-level hierarchies. This relationship does not define a strict nesting, i.e. a Category can be a subcategory of many other Categories. A Describable Element can be related to many Guidance elements. A Describable Element can contain one Content Description element that stores textual descriptions for this Describable Element. A Category groups together any number of Describable Elements (including other Categories). A Content Description can optionally be structured into Sections. This association is use to decompose the mainDescription attribute into a hierarchy of Sections. Text stored in mainDescription when Sections are defined represents text presented before the first Section. Sections can be further decomposed into n levels of sub-sections. A Metric defines one or more Constraints. The property subsets the inherited ownedRule property from UML 2.0 Infrastructure’s Namespace. Process Elements is an Extensible Element that represents abstract generalization for all elements that are part of a SPEM 2.0 Process. Breakdown Element is an abstract generalization for any type of Process Element that is part of a breakdown structure. It defines a set of properties available to all of its specializations. Any of its concrete subclasses can be ‘placed inside’ an Activity (via the nested Breakdown Element association) to become part of a breakdown of Activities as well as the Activities namespace. As Activities are Breakdown Elements themselves and therefore can be nested inside other activities, an n-level breakdown structure is defined by n nested Activities. In addition to Activities other Breakdown Elements can be nested inside Activities as leaf elements of the breakdown. The hasMultipleOccurrences attribute expresses that if set to ‘true’ then when the process is enacted that the respective Breakdown Element typically will occur in more than one instance (i.e. more than one instance for the Breakdown Element instance). This might provide important guidance for creating plans from a Process. For example, a Work Definition such as “Detail Use Case” would be performed for every use case identified for a particular Iteration or Activity. Generating a plan would list one Work Definition instance per use case each listing a different use case instance as the input/output. In contrast to the isRepeatable attribute defined for Work Breakdown Element the hasMultipleOccurrences attribute does not assume any dependencies amongst the occurrences of the Breakdown Element. For example, the “Detail Use Case” Work Definition occurrences mentioned above can be performed in parallel as well as one after the other. The isOptional attribute indicates that the Breakdown Element describes work, a work product, or even work performer, which inclusion is not mandatory when performing a project that is planned based on a process containing this element. An Activity is a Work Breakdown Element and Work Definition that defines basic units of work within a Process. It relates to Work Product Use instances via instances of the Process Parameter class and Role Use instances via Process Performer instances. Activity supports the nesting and logical grouping of related Breakdown Elements forming breakdown structures. The concrete breakdown structure an Activity defines (i.e. its contained elements) can be reused by another Activity via the used Activity association, which allows the second Activity to inherit its complete sub-structure. Activity is a concrete Work Definition that represents a general unit of work assignable to specific performers represented by Role Use. An Activity can rely on inputs and produce outputs represented by Work Product Uses. Activity also represents a grouping element for other Breakdown Elements such as Activities, Method Content Uses, Milestones, etc. It is not per-se a ‘high-level’ grouping of only work as in other meta-models, but groups any kind of Breakdown Elements. For example, one can define valid Activities that group only Work Product Uses without any matching Role Uses or Parameters. Such a structure expresses the information that the Activity requires work on these Work Products, without specifying how and who providing the flexibility required for modeling partial or Agile processes. Activity instances can inherit, contribute, or replace properties from other reused activities. The semantics for the three kinds of reuse defined are specified for Activity Use Kind. This attribute is set to a value of the enumeration Activity Use Kind other than its default "na" when the Activity instance is associated to another Activity via the useActivity association for reuse. The value of the attribute of the Activity of the to-many end defines the semantics of the association according to the definitions in Activity Use Kind. This association represents breakdown structure nesting. It defines an n-level hierarchy of Activities grouping together other Breakdown Elements such as other Activities, Milestones, etc. This association defines a reuse generalization for Activities according to the semantics defined for Activity Use Kind. Activity instances on the to-many end of the association can reuse properties of the Activity instance on the to-one end (base) of the association. The association property subsets the ownedWorkDefinitionParamter of Work Definition. The suppressed association allows hiding any Breakdown Element from the interpretation of a process structure. It is used in combination with the usedActivity association for elements that are inherited by usedActivity. The reusing activity can define its own local elements that refer to the base activity’s element to denote the suppression (see Activity Use for more details). A Milestone describes a significant event in a development project, such as a major decision, completion of a deliverable, or meeting of a major dependency (like completion of a project phase). Because, Milestone is commonly used to refer to both the event itself and the point in time at which the event is scheduled to happen, it is modeled as a Breakdown Element (i.e. it appears as part of a breakdown structure). A Work Breakdown Element is a special Breakdown Element that provides specific properties for Breakdown Elements that represent work. The properties are specific to breakdown structures and do not apply to all Work Definition subclasses, though. Work Breakdown Element represents a work specific breakdown element to be used in a work breakdown structure. This attribute is used to define repetition of work, e.g. iterations. A Work Breakdown Element with this attribute set to True shall be repeated more than once on the same set of artifacts. For example, if one wants to model that a specific Activity instance shall represent an iteration in a process then this attribute shall be set to true indicating that the Activity and therefore all of its sub-Activities will be performed more than once. The difference to the hasMultipleOccurrences attribute defined for Breakdown Element is that Work Breakdown Elements with the isRepeatable flag will be performed one after the other (i.e. not in parallel). For Breakdown Elements with hasMultipleOccurrences set to true this is undefined and up to the project planner. If both attributes are set to true then isRepeatable takes precedence. If the isOngoing attribute is set to true for a Work Breakdown Element instance, then the element describes an ongoing piece of work without a fixed duration or end state. For example, the Work Breakdown Element could represent work of an administrator continuously (e.g. 3h a day) working to ensure that systems are kept in a certain state. Another example would be program management work overseeing many different projects being scheduled for one particular project at specific reoccurring intervals during the whole lifecycle of the project. The isEventDriven attribute indicates that the Work Breakdown Element describes an instance of work which is not started because it has been scheduled to start at a certain point of time, because preceding work is being completed, or input work products are available, but because another specific event has occurred. Examples for such events are exceptions or problem situations which require specific work to be performed as a result. Also change management work can be modeled as event driven work analyzing a change request or defect and allocating work dynamically to resources to deal with it following the work described with such Work Breakdown Element. The events themselves are not modeled in this version of the specification. They shall be described as part of the normal descriptions fields available. A Process Parameter is a Work Definition Parameter used for process definitions. It defines input and output meta-types to be Work Product Uses. This association links zero or one Work Product Use instances to a parameter. Processes could leave the type specification open and not specify a concrete Work Product Use. A Process Performer is a Breakdown Element and Work Definition Performer that represents a relationship between Activity instances and Role Use instances. An instance of Process Performer links one or more Role Use instances to one Activity. (Modeled as 0..1 Activities because the Process with Methods meta-model package will add an alternative class to Activity.) The Process Performer links Role Uses to Activities indicating that the Role Use participated in the work defined by the activity in one or another way. The kind of involvement of the Role Use in the Activity needs to be defined by a Kind class instances that qualifies the Process Performer instances. Typical examples for Kinds of Process Performers would be Primary Performer, Additional Performer, Assisting Performer, Supervising Performer, Consulted Performer, etc. The popular RACI-VS diagram defines another set of commonly used Kinds for the Process Performer: Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed, Verifies and Signs. A Process Performer links to zero or one Activity via this association. The linked Activity property subsets the linked Work Definition property from the Work Definition Performer defined in Core. A Work Product Use Relationship expresses a general relationship amongst work products. Kind class instances shall be used to specify the nature of this relationship. The Work Product Use Relationship can be used to express different kinds of relationships amongst Work Products Uses. Typical Kinds are ‘composition’ expressing that a work product use instance of an instance is part of another work product instance of an instance. For example, an instance of Actor is part of an instance of Use Case Model. In contrast to composition another Kind could express ‘aggregation’ indicating that a Work Product Use is used with another Work Product Use. For example, a customer design deliverable could be defined as a compilation of different other work product uses that are assemble as a report that is delivered to the customer for review. A third key Kind is ‘dependency’ indicating that a work product use impacts another work product use. For example, if a use case model work product changes the use case realization work product needs to be updated with these changes. Work Sequence represents a relationship between two Work Breakdown Element in which one Work Breakdown Element (referred to as (B) below) depends on the start or finish of another Work Breakdown Element (referred to as (A) below) in order to begin or end. This enumeration defines the different kinds of Work Sequence relationships available in SPEM 2.0 and is used to provide values for Work Sequence's linkKind attribute. Work Breakdown Element (B) cannot start until Work Breakdown Element (A) finishes. For example, if you have two Work Breakdown Elements, "Construct fence" and "Paint fence," "Paint fence" can't start until "Construct fence" finishes. This is the most common type of dependency and the default for a new Work Sequence instance. Breakdown Element (B) cannot finish until Work Breakdown Element (A) finishes. For example, if you have two Work Breakdown Elements, "Add wiring" and "Inspect electrical," "Inspect electrical" can't finish until "Add wiring" finishes. Breakdown Element (B) cannot start until Work Breakdown Element (A) starts. For example, if you have two Work Breakdown Elements, "Pour foundation" and "Level concrete," "Level concrete" can't begin until "Pour foundation" begins. Breakdown Element (B) cannot finish until Work Breakdown Element (A) starts. This dependency type can be used for just-in-time scheduling up to a milestone or the project finish date to minimize the risk of a Work Breakdown Element finishing late if its dependent Work Breakdown Elements slip. If a related Work Breakdown Element needs to finish before the milestone or project finish date, but it doesn't matter exactly when and you don't want a late finish to affect the just-in-time Work Breakdown Element, you can create an SF dependency between the Work Breakdown Element you want scheduled just in time (the predecessor) and its related Work Breakdown Element (the successor). Then if you update progress on the successor Work Breakdown Element, it won't affect the scheduled dates of the predecessor Work Breakdown Element. This enumeration defines the nature of the reuse for an Activity that relates to exactly one other Activity via the used Activity association. Activity Use in SPEM defines the ability to reuse the structures defined for one Activity via its nested Breakdown Element composition in a second Activity without the need to physically copy these structures. Instead Activity Use defines a way to dynamically inherit these structures from the referenced the activity. Such reuse is typically established via an Extension relationship and then further refined using additional local Contribution and local Replacement relationships amongst substructure elements of the extending activities. This is the default value for Activities that do not instantiate the usedActivity association. Extends provides a mechanism for dynamically reusing Activity substructures (elements contained via the nested Breakdown Element composition) in other Activities. Typical applications of Extension are to represent reusable process patterns as activities, which are then dynamically bound to different activities via the Extension use Kind in a larger process. An Activity is linked via extension by defining a usedActivity association instance from an Activity within the Processes to the Activity representing the process pattern and setting the useKind attribute to the Extension value. The source Activity inherits all association instances and sub-structures from the base Activity and the Activity appears to be part of the resulting Process after interpretation of the used Activity association. Local Contribution defines a mechanism for defining specific local additions (or contributions) to breakdown elements inherited via the extension Activity Use Kind within the context of the reusing Activity. Hence, usedActivity relationships of this kind are used in addition to a usedActivity relationship of the kind Extension. For example, an Activity could be defined as a child of a second Activity which defines an extension relationship to a third Activity adding additional new sub-elements (such as new sub-Activities) to the set of sub-elements the second Activity inherited from the third Activity via the extension relationship. Local Replace defines a mechanism for defining local replacements to specific breakdown elements inherited via the Extension Activity Use Kind in the context of the reusing Activity. UsedActivity relationships of this kind are used in addition to a usedActivity relationship of the kind Extension. Instances of this type replace inherited Activity sub-elements with their own sub-elements. For example, an Activity could be defined as a child of a second Activity which defines an extension relationship to a third Activity replacing the inherited sub-elements (such as its sub-Activities), that the second Activity inherited from the third Activity via the extension relationship, with its own set of sub-elements. This association represents breakdown structure nesting. It defines an n-level hierarchy of Activities grouping together other Breakdown Elements such as other Activities, Milestones, etc. A Process Responsibility Assignment links to one or more Role Use. This association links the Work Product Uses instances to a Milestone instance that need to be produced for that Milestone. This association links a Work Breakdown Element to its predecessor. Every Work Breakdown Element can have predecessor information associated to it. This predecessor information is stored in instances of the class Work Sequence, which defines the kind of predecessor another Work Breakdown Element represents for another. This association links a Work Breakdown Element to its successor. Every Work Breakdown Element can have successor information associated to it. This successor information is stored in instances of the class Work Sequence, which defines the kind of successor another Work Breakdown Element represents for another. A Process Performer links to one or more Role Use via this association. This association links zero or one Work Product Use instances to a parameter. Processes could leave the type specification open and not specify a concrete Work Product Use. This association defines a reuse generalization for Activities according to the semantics defined for Activity Use Kind. Activity instances on the to-many end of the association can reuse properties of the Activity instance on the to-one end (base) of the association. A Process Responsibility Assignment links to exactly one Work Product Use. A Process Performer links to zero or one Activity via this association. This composition association manages a list of ordered ProcessParameters for an Activity instance. The suppressed association allows hiding any Breakdown Element from the interpretation of a process structure. It is used in combination with the usedActivity association for elements that are inherited by usedActivity. The reusing activity can define its own local elements that refer to the base activity’s element to denote the suppression (see Activity Use for more details). Method Content Element is an abstract Describable Element that represents an abstract generalization for all Method Content Elements in SPEM 2.0. Because Method Content Element derives from Describable Element it contains textual descriptions. A Task Definition Parameter is a special Work Definition Parameter that uses Work Product Definitions as well as adds an Optionalilty attribute. This attribute represents if the input or output parameter is optional, i.e. mandatory to provide to the Task Definition or to be produced by the Task Definition respectively. This association links zero or one Work Product Definitions instances to a parameter. Task Definitions can leave the type specification open and not specify a concrete Work Product Definition at all. A Step is a Section and Work Definition that is used to organize a Task Definition’s Content Description into parts or subunits of work. Steps inherit the subSection decomposition from Section and can therefore describe sub-Steps nested into Steps. A Step describes a meaningful and consistent part of the overall work described for a Task Definition. The collection of Steps defined for a Task Definition represents all the work that should be done to achieve the overall development goal of the Task Definition. Not all steps are necessarily performed each time a Task is invoked in a Process (see Task Use defined Section 13.6), so they can also be expressed in the form of alternate ‘flows’ of work. Different ways of achieving the same development goal can then be ‘assembled’ by selecting different combinations of steps when applying the Task Definition in a Process. Typical kinds of steps a Task Definition author should consider are: Thinking steps: where the individual roles understand the nature of the task, gathers and examines the input artifacts, and formulates the outcome. Performing steps: where the individual roles create or update some artifacts. Reviewing steps: where the individual roles inspects the results against some criteria. A Task Definition is a Method Content Element and a Work Definition that defines work being performed by Roles Definition instances. A Task is associated to input and output Work Products. Inputs are differentiated in mandatory versus optional inputs. The relationships to Work Products via Work Definition Parameters are not instantiatable/variable-like parameters. They rather express (hyper-)links to the descriptions of the work products types that are related to the Task as inputs and outputs. In other words, these associations are not intended to be used to capture which concrete instances will be passed when instantiating the method in a project. All of the Task Definition’s default associations and Parameters can be overridden in an actual process definition. A Task Definition describes an assignable unit of work. Every Task Definition is assigned to specific Role Definitions. The granularity of a Task Definition is generally a few hours to a few days. It usually affects one or only a small number of work products. A Task Definition is used as an element of defining a process. Tasks Definition are further used for planning and tracking progress; therefore, if they are defined too fine-grained, they will be neglected, and if they are too large, progress would have to be expressed in terms of a Task Definition’s parts (e.g. Steps, which is not recommended). A Task Definition has a clear purpose in which the performing roles achieve a well defined goal. It provides complete step-by-step explanations of doing all the work that needs to be done to achieve this goal. This description is complete, independent of when in a process lifecycle the work would actually be done. It therefore does not describe when you do what work at what point of time, but describes all the work that gets done throughout the development lifecycle that contributes to the achievement of this goal. When the Task Definition instance is being applied in a process then this process application (defined as Task Use) provides the information of which pieces of the Task Definition will actually be performed at any particular point in time. This assumes that the Task Definition will be performed in the process over and over again, but each time with a slightly different emphasis on different steps or aspects of the task description. For example, a Task Definition such as “Develop Use Case Model” describes all the work that needs to be done to develop a complete use case model. This would comprise of the identification and naming of use cases and actors, the writing of a brief description, the modeling of use cases and their relationships in diagrams, the detailed description of a basic flow, the detailed description of alternatives flows, performing of walkthroughs workshops and reviews, etc. All of these parts contribute to the development goal of developing the use case model, but the parts will be performed at different points in time in a process. Identification, naming, and brief descriptions would be performed early in a typical development process versus the writing of detailed alternative flows which would be performed much later. All these parts or steps within the same Task define the “method” of Developing a Use Case Model. Applying such a method in a lifecycle (i.e. in a process) is defining which steps are done when going from one iteration to the next. This derived association is a shortcut for navigation along the association properties self.description.section. A Task Definition can recommend a specific set of tools to be used to support the Task. OCL result = self.description.section A Tool Definition is a special Method Content Element that can be used to specify a tool's participation in a Task Definition. A Tool Definition describes the capabilities of a CASE tool, general purpose tool, or any other automation unit that supports the associated instances of Role Definitions in performing the work defined by a Task Definition. A Tool Definition can represent a resource useful, recommended, or necessary for a task’s completion. The Task Definition can refer to the associated list of Tool Definitions to clarify their role. A Work Product Definition Relationship expresses a general relationship amongst Work Products Definitions. Kind class instances shall be used to specify the nature of this relationship. The Work Product Definition Relationship can be used to express different kinds of relationships amongst Work Product Definition. Typical Kinds are ‘composition’ expressing that a Work Product Definition instance of an instance is part of another Work Product Definition instance of an instance. For example, an instance of Actor is part of an instance of Use Case Model. In contrast to composition another Kind could express ‘aggregation’ indicating that a Work Product Definition is used with another Work Product Definition. For example, a customer design deliverable could be defined as a compilation of different other work product uses that are assemble as a report that is delivered to the customer for review. A third key Kind is ‘dependency’ indicating that a Work Product Definition impacts another Work Product Definition. For example, if a use case model Work Product Definition changes the use case realization Work Product Definition needs to be updated with these changes. This association links to the exact one source of the Work Product Definition Relationship. This association links to one or more targets of the Work Product Definition Relationship. Guidance is a Describable Element that provides additional information related to Describable Elements. The particular Guidance should be classified with Kinds (Section 8.2) that indicates a specific type of guidance for which perhaps a specific structure and type of content is assumed. Examples for Kinds for Guidance are Guidelines, Templates, Checklists, Tool Mentors, Estimates, Supporting Materials, Reports, Concepts, etc. A Category is a Describable Element used to categorize, i.e. group any number of Describable Elements of any subtype based on user-defined criteria. Because Categories are Describable Elements themselves they can be used to recursively categorize other Category instances as well. Categories can also be nested using the subCategory association. Categories can be used to categorize content based on the user's criteria as well as to define whole tree-structures of nested categories allowing the user to systematically navigate and browse method content and processes based on these categories. For example, one could create a Category to logically organize content relevant for the user's development organization departments; e.g. a "Testing" category that groups together all Roles, Work Products, Tasks, and Guidance elements relevant to testing. Another example would be Categories that express licensing levels of the content, grouping freely distributable method content versus content that represents intellectual property and requires a purchased license for use. Whereas Kinds are limited to one Kind instance per meta-model instance and stored as properties of the Extensible Element, Categories store the relationships to Describable Elements. Describable Elements can be categorized by as many Categories as needed. Categories can categorize Categories as well as well as can be hierarchical. A Default Task Definition Performer is a Work Definition Performer that represents a relationship between Task Definition instances and Role Definition instances. An instance of Default Task Definition Performer links one or more Role Definition instances to one Task Definition instance. The Default Task Definition Performer links Role Definition to Task Definitions indicating that these Role Definition instances participate in the work defined by the Task Definition in one or another way. The kind of involvement of the Role Definition in the Task Definition needs to be defined by Kind class instances that qualify the Default Task Definition Performer instances. Typical examples for Kinds of Default Task Definition Performers would be Primary Performer, Additional Performer, Assisting Performer, Supervising Performer, Consulted Performer, etc. The popular RACI-VS diagram defines another set of commonly used Kinds for the Default Task Definition Performer: Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed, Verifies and Signs. Qualification is a Method Content Element that documents zero or more required qualifications, skills, or competencies for Role Definitions. In addition to informally describing the qualification using its Content Element documentation properties, Qualification can be further categorized by defining specific Kinds. A Qualification documents one specific skill or competency that is used to model and represent the qualifications provided by instances of a Role Definition and/or the qualifications required for the performance of a Task. These qualifications can be used to find and map roles for tasks when assembling method content and assigning organization specific roles to these tasks dynamically. Qualifications can also be used to find individuals (i.e. people) as instances of the Role Definition instances. For example, Qualifications of the Kind "Soft Skills" associated to the "System Analyst" Role Definition could be "captures stakeholder needs", "selects elicitation techniques", "adapts elicitation techniques", "negotiates scope", etc. A Role Use can select a sub-set of valid Qualifications for the use of the Role Definitions in the context of a particular Activity. One can then express that for the Role Use within a particular Activity only the “selects elicitation techniques” Qualification of the “System Analyst” Role Definition is required. This enumeration provides the values for the Task Definition Parameter attribute optionality. It is mandatory to provide the Work Product Definition specified in this parameter as input or to provide an instance of the Work Product Definition as output respectively. It is optional to provide the Work Product Definition specified in this parameter as input or to provide an instance of the Work Product Definition as output respectively. This association links zero or one Work Product Definitions instances to a parameter. Task Definitions can leave the type specification open and not specify a concrete Work Product Definition at all. This derived association is a shortcut for navigation along the association properties self.description.section. A Task Definition can recommend a specific set of tools to be used to support the Task. A Tool can manage instances of one or more Work Product Definitions. For example a Tool can be modeled that specializes in managing Use Case Models or another Tool that manages Analysis and Design Models. This association links to the exact one source of the Work Product Definition Relationship. This association links to one or more targets of the Work Product Definition Relationship. This ordered association subsets ownedParamter from Work Definition. Tasks Definitions manage Task Definition Parameter instances which are subclasses of the Work Definition Parameters adding the optionality property of a parameter. A Default Task Definition Performer links to one or more Role Definition. A Default Task Definition Performer links to exactly one Task Definition. The linked Task Definition property subsets the linkedWorkDefinition property from the Work Definition Performer defined in Core. A Process Responsibility Assignment links to one or more Role Definition. A Process Responsibility Assignment links to exactly one Work Product Definition. Provides a list of qualifications that the role typically provides. This list can be mapped against the required qualifications list defined for Task Definitions. The qualifications need to be present by individual that are represented as instances of instances of the Role Definitions. Provides a list of qualifications that the task typically requires to be performed by one or more roles. This list can be mapped against the provided qualifications list defined for Role Definitions. The State_ext represents a reference to a model class in an external behavior model representing a state. The Transition_ext represents a reference to a model class in an external behavior model representing a transition between states. The ControlFlow_ext represents a reference to a model class in an external behavior model representing a control flow. The Activity_ext represents a reference to a model class in an external behavior model representing a definition of behavior. Work Sequence is a Breakdown Element that represents a relationship between two Work Breakdown Elements in which one Work Breakdown Elements depends on the start or finish of another Work Breakdown Elements in order to begin or end. The Work Sequence class defines predecessor and successor relations amongst Work Breakdown Elements. This information is in particular critical for use of the process in planning applications. This attribute expresses the type of the Work Sequence relationship by assigning a value from the Work Sequence Kind enumeration. A Role Use is a special Breakdown Element that either represents a performer of an Activity or a participant of the Activity. If it is a performer the Role Use and Activity need to be related via a Process Performer. If it is a participant then the Role Use is stored in the nestedBreakdownElement composition of the Activity and might be used by one of the sub-activities as a performer and/or a Process Responsibility Assignment. Role Uses are only valid within and specific to the context of an Activity and not to be reused across activities. A Role Use represents an activity specific occurrence of an activity performer or participant. A Role Use is an Activity specific object and not a general reusable definition of an organizational role. (The meta-model package Method Content defines a concepts call Role Definition for that). A Role Use represents the occurrence of a real person performing activity-specific work and having activity-specific responsibilities. A Role Use participant stored with an Activity can be only accessed and reused by the Activity’s sub-Activities and not by any parent or sibling Activities in the Activity breakdown structure. This scoping of Role Use in the local namespace of Activities allows to model different Performers as well as different Responsibility Assignments for every Activity, which reflects the fact that work product responsibilities and performance of activities might change throughout the development lifecycle. In other words, Role Use instances with the same name can be created in different Activities, which all have different responsibilities and perform different work. Many processes do not comprise of Role Definitions and just define the occurrence of a role and imply that all team members know what the Role Use represents (e.g. by just interpreting the Role Use name). In these situations fitting individuals for the Role Uses are assigned when the process is enacted. Assigning Role Uses in such a way is also often referred to as ‘self-organizing’ teams in which team members choose by themselves or via their managers which roles they play during development. A Work Product Use is a special Breakdown Element that either represents an input and/or output type for an Activity or represents a general participant of the Activity. If it is an input/output then the Work Product Use needs to be related to the Activity via the Process Parameter class. If it is a participant then the Work Product Use is stored in the nestedBreakdownElement composition of the Activity and might be used by one of the sub-activities as an input/output and/or be related to a Role Use via a Process Responsibility Assignment. Role Use instances are only valid within and specific to the context of an Activity and not to be reused across activities. A Work Product Use represents an activity specific occurrence of a Work Product input/output type or an Activity participant. A Work Product Use instance is an Activity specific object and not a general reusable definition of a work product. (The meta-model package Method Content defines a concepts call Work Product Definition for that). A Work Product Use represents the occurrence of a real Work Product in the context of an activity. A Work Product Use participant stored with an Activity can only be accessed and reused by the Activity’s sub-Activities and not by any parent or sibling Activities in the Activity breakdown structure. This scoping of Work Product Use in the local namespace of Activities allows to model different Responsibility Assignments for every Activity, which reflects the fact that work product responsibilities might change throughout the development lifecycle. In other words, Role Use instances with the same name can be created in different Activities, which all have different Work Product Use responsibilities. Many processes do not comprise of Work Product Definitions and just define the occurrence of a work product and imply that all team members know what the Work Product Use represents (e.g. by just interpreting the Work Product Use name). For example a process might define that Stakeholder Requests need to be captured, but does not formally define what a Stakeholder Request is nor prescribes any templates or forms for them. Team members could choose by themselves which form of representation they choose as well as shift responsibilities for the Work Product during the lifecycle phases (i.e. activities). Work Definition is an abstract Classifier that generalizes all definitions of work within SPEM 2.0. Work Definition defines some default associations to Work Definition Parameter and Constraint. Work Definitions can contain sets of pre- and post-conditions defining constraints that need to be valid before the described work can begin or before it can be declared as finished. Note that general UML constraints inherited via Classifier can be used to define additional constraints and rules for Work Definitions. Work Definitions represent the behavior for doing work. In contrast to SPEM 1.1 the Work Definition behavior is not bound to one specific classifier as an operation, but is a performer independent definition of work represented as a classifier itself. For example, a Work Definition could represent work that is being performed by one specific Role (e.g. a Role performing a specific Activity), by many Roles working in close collaboration (many Roles all working together on the same interdisciplinary Activity), or complex work that is performed throughout the lifecycle (e.g. a process defining a breakdown structure for organizing larger composite units of work performed by many Roles working in collaboration). Work Definitions can be modeled with behavior model representations such as UML 2.0 Activity diagrams by merging this UML 2.0 meta-model package into the Process Behavior package. However, it is also a common practice to just textually describe the behavior of work definitions. Such descriptions can be added by merging this package into the Managed Content package. This composition association adds an optional post-condition to a Work Definition. A post-condition defines any kind of constraint that must evaluate to true before the work described for the Work Definition can be declared completed or finished and which other Work Definitions might depend upon (e.g. for their pre-conditions). For example, a post-condition could define that a work product defined to be the output must be in a specific state before the Work Definition can end (e.g. ‘Use Case must be in state fully described and reviewed by System Analyst’). This composition association adds an optional pre-condition to a Work Definition. A pre-condition defines any kind of constraint that must evaluate to true before the work described for the Work Definition can start. For example, a pre-condition could define that an input Work Product needs to be in a specific state or that other related work must be in a certain state (e.g. ‘Input document X has been reviewed and signed by customer AND the work defined by Work Definition “Management Review” is complete’) before the work can begin. Work Definition can define an ordered set of parameters to specify inputs and outputs. The concrete subclasses of Work Definition need to define their own subclasses of Work Definition Parameter to add reference to concrete input/output meta types. External Reference is a Classifier that represents an abstract generalization of all classes representing references to external behavior models. Given that an instance of Work Product Definition or Work Product Use has been specified as output for a specific Work Definition, then the Exist State attribute specifies the desired state of instances of the referenced work product instances when work on the Work Definition is finished. Given that an instance of Work Product Definition or Work Product Use has been specified as an input for a specific Work Definition, then the Entry State attribute specifies the desired state of instances of the referenced work product instance when work on the Work Definition is initiated. For some Work Products Definition or Uses, state is expressed in percentage of completion, compliance to work product checklist, informal state descriptions, etc. Others have very specific states expressed as enumerations such as [identified, briefly described, outlined, detailed] for use cases. Other Work Product states relate to some quality measures or lifecycle states such as [reviewed, implemented, tested]. Work Product Definition is Method Content Element that is used, modified, and produced by Task Definitions. Work Product Definitions can be related to other Work Product Definitions via the Work Product Definition Relationship. Work Products are in most cases tangible work products consumed, produced, or modified by Tasks. They may serve as a basis for defining reusable assets. Roles use Work Products to perform Tasks and produce Work Products in the course of performing Tasks. Work Products are the responsibility of Role Definitions, making responsibility easy to identify and understand, and promoting the idea that every piece of information produced in the method requires the appropriate set of skills. Even though one Role Definition might "own" a specific type of Work Product, other roles can still use the Work Product for their work, and perhaps even update them if the Role Definition instance instance has been given permission to do so. A Role Definition is a Method Content Element that defines a set of related skills, competencies, and responsibilities. Roles are used by Task Definitions to define who performs them as well as define a set of Work Product Definitions they are responsible for. A Role Definition defines a set of related skills, competencies, and responsibilities of an individual or a set of individuals. Roles are not individuals or resources. Individual members of the development organization will wear different hats, or perform different roles. The mapping from individual to Role, performed by the project manager when planning and staffing for a project, allows different individuals to act as several different roles, and for a role to be played by several individuals (also refer to Composite Role). Provides a list of Qualifications required for instances of instances of Role Definitions to fulfill. A Work Definition Parameter is an abstract generalization for Process Elements that represent parameter for Work Definitions. It is used for declarations of inputs and outputs. The meta-classes for the input/output types are to be defined by Work Definition Parameters concrete subclasses. This class is to be specialized by a class defining an association to the class defining the input/output meta-class. SPEM 2.0 distinguishes between Work Product Definitions and Work Product Use. The general parameter class Work Definition Parameter defines common properties used by Work Definition specialization that either use Work Product Definitions or Work Product Uses. This package extends the Work Definition Parameter class introduced in the Core package with associations to entry and/or exist states for its Work Product Use or Work Definition parameter values. This attribute represents the kind of the input as specified by the enumeration Parameter Direction Kind. Given that an instance of Work Product Use has been specified as output for a specific Activity, then the Activity Exist State attribute specifies the desired state of instances of the referenced Work Product Use instances when work on the Activity is finished. Given that an instance of Work Product Use has been specified as an input for a specific Activity, then the Activity Entry State attribute specifies the desired state of instances of the referenced Work Product Use instance when work on the Activity is initiated. For some Work Products Uses state is expressed in percentage of completion, compliance to work product checklist, informal state descriptions, etc. Others have very specific states expressed as enumerations such as [identified, briefly described, outlined, detailed] for use cases. Other Work Product states relate to some quality measures or lifecycle states such as [reviewed, implemented, tested]. A Default Responsibility Assignment is a Method Content Element that represents a relationship between instances of Role Definition and Work Product Definition. An instance of the Default Responsibility Assignment links one or more Role Definition instances to exactly one Work Product Definition. The Process Responsibility Assignment links Role Definitions to Work Product Definitions indicating that the Role Definition has a responsibility relationship with the Work Product Definition. The Kind of responsibility of the Role Definition for the Work Product Definition needs to be defined by Kind class instances that qualify the Default Responsibility Assignment. The popular RACI-VS diagram defines a set of commonly used Kinds which cannot only be applied for the Default Task Definition Performer, but also often used for work product responsibility: Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed, Verifies and Signs. A Process Responsibility Assignment is a Breakdown Element that represents a relationship between instances of Role Use and Work Product Use. An instance of the Process Responsibility Assignment links one or more Role Use instances to exactly one Work Product Use. The Process Responsibility Assignment links Role Uses to Work Product Uses indicating that the Role Use has a responsibility relationship with the Work Product Use. The Kind of responsibility of the Role Use for the Work Product Use needs to be defined by Kind class instances that qualify the Process Responsibility Assignment. The popular RACI-VS diagram defines a set of commonly used Kinds which cannot only be applied for the Process Performer, but also often used for work product responsibility: Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed, Verifies and Signs. Note, that for many processes the Process Performer and Process Responsibility represent two quite different sets of information as a Role Use can be involved in an Activity that modifies a work product without being responsible for the Work Product itself and vice versa: A Role Use can be responsible for a Work Product Use without participating an all the Activities that modify it. Other processes might chose to only use one of these relationships. For example, there are processes for self-organizing teams that actually do not define detailed Activities describing which Role Use performs which work. These approaches might just utilize the Process Responsibility Assignment to express that a Role Use has a certain responsibility, but that the process does not prescribe how that responsibility is achieved. In such a case the Kinds defined might express work product states such as ‘detailed’, ‘implemented’, ‘documented’, ‘reviewed’ and so on. A Process Responsibility Assignment links to exactly one Work Product Use. A Process Responsibility Assignment links to one or more Role Use.